Small overlap front: driver-side
Rating applies to 2021-24 models built after March 2021
Tested vehicle: 2021 Ford F-150 XL SuperCrew
The Ford F-150 was redesigned for the 2021 model year. Beginning with 2021 models built after March, reinforcements were added to the left and right-hand side of the frame to improve occupant protection in frontal crashes. (Information about when a specific vehicle was manufactured is on the certification label typically affixed to the car on the driver door or adjacent B-pillar.)
Driver-side small overlap frontal ratings are assigned by the Institute based on a test of an F-150 conducted by Ford as part of frontal crash test verification.
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Structure and safety cage | |
Driver injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Chest | |
Hip/thigh | |
Lower leg/foot | |
Driver restraints and dummy kinematics |
Measures of occupant compartment intrusion on driver side
Test ID | VTN2104 |
---|---|
Lower occupant compartment | |
Lower hinge pillar max (cm) | 7 |
Footrest (cm) | 8 |
Left toepan (cm) | 7 |
Brake pedal (cm) | 8 |
Parking brake (cm) | |
Rocker panel lateral average (cm) | 2 |
Upper occupant compartment | |
Steering column | 3 |
Upper hinge pillar max (cm) | 8 |
Upper dash (cm) | 7 |
Lower instrument panel (cm) | 6 |
Driver injury measures
Test ID | VTN2104 |
---|---|
Head | |
HIC-15 | 116 |
Peak gs at hard contact | no contact |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 1.0 |
Extension bending moment (Nm) | 6 |
Maximum Nij | 0.17 |
Chest maximum compression (mm) | 22 |
Femur (kN) | |
Left | 0.5 |
Right | 2.2 |
Knee displacement (mm) | |
Left | 2 |
Right | 2 |
Knee-thigh-hip injury risk (%) | |
Left | 0 |
Right | 0 |
Maximum tibia index | |
Left | 0.75 |
Right | 0.64 |
Tibia axial force (kN) | |
Left | 4.3 |
Right | 3.9 |
Foot acceleration (g) | |
Left | 168 |
Right | 140 |
Small overlap front: passenger-side
Rating applies to 2021-24 models
Tested vehicle: 2021 Ford F-150 XLT SuperCrew
The Ford F-150 was redesigned for the 2021 model year. Passenger-side small overlap frontal ratings are assigned by the Institute based on a test of an F-150 conducted by Ford as part of frontal crash test verification.
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Structure and safety cage | |
Passenger injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Chest | |
Hip/thigh | |
Lower leg/foot | |
Passenger restraints and dummy kinematics | |
Driver injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Chest | |
Hip/thigh | |
Lower leg/foot | |
Driver restraints and dummy kinematics |
Measures of occupant compartment intrusion on passenger side
Test ID | VTP2103 |
---|---|
Lower occupant compartment | |
Lower hinge pillar max (cm) | 14 |
Footrest (cm) | 20 |
Right toepan (cm) | 16 |
Center toepan (cm) | 9 |
Rocker panel lateral average (cm) | 3 |
Upper occupant compartment | |
Center dash (cm) | 6 |
Upper hinge pillar max (cm) | 13 |
Upper dash (cm) | 12 |
Right lower dash (cm) | 11 |
Passenger injury measures
Test ID | VTP2103 |
---|---|
Head | |
HIC-15 | 83 |
Peak gs at hard contact | no contact |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 0.7 |
Extension bending moment (Nm) | 21 |
Maximum Nij | 0.20 |
Chest maximum compression (mm) | 15 |
Femur (kN) | |
Left | 1.6 |
Right | 3.5 |
Knee displacement (mm) | |
Left | 4 |
Right | 10 |
Knee-thigh-hip injury risk (%) | |
Left | 0 |
Right | 0 |
Maximum tibia index | |
Left | 0.49 |
Right | 0.57 |
Tibia axial force (kN) | |
Left | 1.0 |
Right | 1.5 |
Foot acceleration (g) | |
Left | 81 |
Right | 165 |
Driver injury measures
Test ID | VTP2103 |
---|---|
Head | |
HIC-15 | 60 |
Peak gs at hard contact | no contact |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 0.6 |
Extension bending moment (Nm) | 6 |
Maximum Nij | 0.14 |
Chest maximum compression (mm) | 16 |
Femur (kN) | |
Left | 0.0 |
Right | 0.2 |
Knee displacement (mm) | |
Left | 0 |
Right | 2 |
Knee-thigh-hip injury risk (%) | |
Left | 0 |
Right | 0 |
Maximum tibia index | |
Left | 0.31 |
Right | 0.25 |
Tibia axial force (kN) | |
Left | 0.4 |
Right | 0.7 |
Foot acceleration (g) | |
Left | 33 |
Right | 39 |
How the passenger-side small overlap front test is conducted
Moderate overlap front: original test
Rating applies to 2021-24 models
Tested vehicle: 2021 Ford F-150 XLT SuperCrew
The Ford F-150 was redesigned for the 2021 model year. Moderate overlap frontal ratings are assigned by the Institute based on a test of an F-150 conducted by Ford as part of frontal crash test verification.
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Structure and safety cage | |
Driver injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Chest | |
Leg/foot, left | |
Leg/foot, right | |
Driver restraints and dummy kinematics |
Measures of occupant compartment intrusion on driver side
Test ID | VTF2102 |
---|---|
Footwell intrusion | |
Footrest (cm) | 6 |
Left (cm) | 7 |
Center (cm) | 6 |
Right (cm) | 4 |
Brake pedal (cm) | 11 |
Instrument panel rearward movement | |
Left (cm) | -1 |
Right (cm) | -1 |
Steering column movement | |
Upward (cm) | 0 |
Rearward (cm) | -5 |
A-pillar rearward movement (cm) | 0 |
Driver injury measures
Test ID | VTF2102 |
---|---|
Head | |
HIC-15 | 213 |
Peak gs at hard contact | no contact |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 0.6 |
Extension bending moment (Nm) | 20 |
Maximum Nij | 0.21 |
Chest maximum compression (mm) | 20 |
Legs | |
Femur force - left (kN) | 0.8 |
Femur force - right (kN) | 0.5 |
Knee displacement - left (mm) | 1 |
Knee displacement - right (mm) | 0 |
Maximum tibia index - left | 0.49 |
Maximum tibia index - right | 0.32 |
Tibia axial force - left (kN) | 2.7 |
Tibia axial force - right (kN) | 3.2 |
Foot acceleration (g) | |
Left | 70 |
Right | 87 |
Moderate overlap front: updated test
Rating applies to 2023-24 models
Tested vehicle: 2023 Ford F-150 Supercrew 4-door 4wd
The Ford F-150 was redesigned for the 2021 model year.
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Structure and safety cage | |
Driver injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Chest | |
Thigh/hip | |
Leg/foot | |
Driver restraints and dummy kinematics | |
Rear passenger injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Chest | |
Thigh | |
Rear passenger restraints and dummy kinematics
|
View of the vehicle after the crash showing the airbags and damage to the occupant compartment.
The rear passenger dummy's head remained a safe distance from the front seatback.
Rear passenger dummy injury values indicate a likely risk of injury to the head or neck and chest. During the crash, the shoulder belt moved too far upward toward the dummy’s neck, compromising the effectiveness of the rear restraint system.
The rear passenger dummy's lap belt moved from the ideal position on the pelvis onto the abdomen, increasing the risk of abdominal injuries.
Measures of occupant compartment intrusion on driver side
Test ID | CEF2332 |
---|---|
Footwell intrusion | |
Footrest (cm) | 5 |
Left (cm) | 4 |
Center (cm) | 4 |
Right (cm) | 5 |
Brake pedal (cm) | 5 |
Instrument panel rearward movement | |
Left (cm) | 1 |
Right (cm) | 0 |
Steering column movement | |
Upward (cm) | 2 |
Rearward (cm) | -2 |
A-pillar rearward movement (cm) | 0 |
Driver injury measures
Test ID | CEF2332 |
---|---|
Head | |
HIC-15 | 312 |
Peak gs at hard contact | no contact |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 1.2 |
Extension bending moment (Nm) | 26 |
Maximum Nij | 0.26 |
Chest maximum compression (mm) | 21 |
Femur (kN) | |
Left | 0.2 |
Right | 0.6 |
Knee displacement (mm) | |
Left | 1 |
Right | 0 |
Knee-thigh-hip injury risk (%) | |
Left | 0 |
Right | 0 |
Maximum tibia index | |
Left | 0.39 |
Right | 0.47 |
Tibia axial force (kN) | |
Left | 2.2 |
Right | 2.7 |
Foot acceleration (g) | |
Left | 47 |
Right | 52 |
Rear passenger injury measures
Test ID | CEF2332 |
---|---|
Head | |
HIC-15 for head contact during forward excursion |
no contact
|
Peak gs at hard contact | no contact |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 3.1 |
Compression (kN) | 0.5 |
Maximum Nij for head contact during forward excursion |
no contact
|
Chest | |
Chest index | 64 |
Shoulder belt tension (kN) | 6.7 |
Thigh (kN) | |
Left femur compression | 0.4 |
Right femur compression | 0.1 |
Side: original test
Rating applies to 2021-23 models
Tested vehicle: 2021 Ford F-150 XLT SuperCrew
The Ford F-150 was redesigned for the 2021 model year. Side ratings are assigned by the Institute based on a test of an F-150 conducted by Ford as part of side crash test verification.
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Structure and safety cage | |
Driver injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Torso | |
Pelvis/leg | |
Driver head protection | |
Rear passenger injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Torso | |
Pelvis/leg | |
Rear passenger head protection |
Measures of occupant compartment intrusion on driver side
Test ID | VTS2102 |
---|---|
B-pillar to longitudinal centerline of driver's seat (cm) | -17.0 |
Negative numbers indicate the amount by which the crush stopped short of the seat centerline. |
Driver injury measures
Test ID | VTS2102 |
---|---|
Head HIC-15 | 90 |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 1.0 |
Compression (kN) | 0.3 |
Shoulder | |
Lateral deflection (mm) | 24 |
Lateral force (kN) | 1.3 |
Torso | |
Maximum deflection (mm) | 32 |
Average deflection (mm) | 30 |
Maximum deflection rate (m/s) | 2.97 |
Maximum viscous criterion (m/s) | 0.35 |
Pelvis | |
Iliac force (kN) | 1.3 |
Acetabulum force (kN) | 2.6 |
Combined force (kN) | 3.8 |
Left femur | |
L-M force (kN) | 0.7 |
L-M moment (Nm) | 20 |
A-P moment (Nm) | 85 |
Passenger injury measures
Test ID | VTS2102 |
---|---|
Head HIC-15 | 103 |
Neck | |
Tension (kN) | 0.3 |
Compression (kN) | 0.3 |
Shoulder | |
Lateral deflection (mm) | 12 |
Lateral force (kN) | 1.0 |
Torso | |
Maximum deflection (mm) | 15 |
Average deflection (mm) | 11 |
Maximum deflection rate (m/s) | 2.20 |
Maximum viscous criterion (m/s) | 0.14 |
Pelvis | |
Iliac force (kN) | 1.1 |
Acetabulum force (kN) | 1.2 |
Combined force (kN) | 2.1 |
Left femur | |
L-M force (kN) | 0.2 |
L-M moment (Nm) | 55 |
A-P moment (Nm) | 66 |
Side: updated test
Rating applies to 2023-24 models
Tested vehicle: 2023 Ford F-150 XL Supercrew 4-door 4wd
The Ford F-150 was redesigned for the 2021 model year. Two Side 2.0 tests of the F-150 crew cab were conducted, one by the Institute and the other by Ford as part of side crash test verification. Ratings are based on both tests, but the vehicle specifications shown below are based on the Institute’s test.
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Structure and safety cage | |
Driver injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Torso | |
Pelvis | |
Driver head protection | |
Rear passenger injury measures | |
Head/neck | |
Torso | |
Pelvis | |
Rear passenger head protection
Part of the dummy's head moved beyond the rear portion of the side curtain airbag and contacted the C-pillar. The head protection is inadequate. |
View of the vehicle just after the crash test.
View of the vehicle after the crash with doors removed, showing the side airbags and damage to the occupant compartment.
Smeared greasepaint shows where the driver dummy's head was protected from being hit by hard structures by the side airbags.
Smeared greasepaint shows where the rear passenger dummy's head struck the C-pillar despite the deployment of the side curtain airbag.
Measures of occupant compartment intrusion on driver side
Test ID | VTS2305 | CES2308 |
---|---|---|
B-pillar to longitudinal centerline of driver's seat (cm) | -16.0 | -17.0 |
Negative numbers indicate the amount by which the crush stopped short of the seat centerline. |
Driver injury measures
Test ID | VTS2305 | CES2308 |
---|---|---|
Head | ||
HIC-15 | 40 | 56 |
Peak gs at hard contact | no contact | no contact |
Neck | ||
Tension (kN) | 0.7 | 0.4 |
Compression (kN) | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Shoulder | ||
Lateral deflection (mm) | 7 | 11 |
Lateral force (kN) | 0.4 | 0.5 |
Torso | ||
Maximum deflection (mm) | 14 | 15 |
Average deflection (mm) | 12 | 13 |
Maximum deflection rate (m/s) | 2.55 | 1.81 |
Maximum viscous criterion (m/s) | 0.07 | 0.12 |
Pelvis | ||
Combined force (kN) | 1.9 | 1.4 |
Passenger injury measures
Test ID | VTS2305 | CES2308 |
---|---|---|
Head | ||
HIC-15 | 249 | 194 |
Peak gs at hard contact | 69 | 55 |
Neck | ||
Tension (kN) | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Compression (kN) | 0.3 | 0.2 |
Shoulder | ||
Lateral deflection (mm) | 14 | 10 |
Lateral force (kN) | 1.0 | 0.7 |
Torso | ||
Maximum deflection (mm) | 25 | 17 |
Average deflection (mm) | 14 | 11 |
Maximum deflection rate (m/s) | 2.15 | 1.65 |
Maximum viscous criterion (m/s) | 0.20 | 0.08 |
Pelvis | ||
Combined force (kN) | 2.3 | 1.8 |
Roof strength
Rating applies to 2015-23 models
Tested vehicle: 2015 Ford F-150 XLT SuperCrew
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Curb weight | 4,651 lbs |
Peak force | 27,215 lbs |
Strength-to-weight ratio | 5.85 |
Head restraints & seats
Seat type: Power cloth seat
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Dynamic rating | |
Seat/head restraint geometry |
Seat type | Power cloth seat |
---|---|
Geometry | |
Backset (mm) | 18 |
Distance below top of head (mm) | 20 |
Seat design parameters | |
Pass/fail | Pass |
Max T1 acceleration (g) | 12.2 |
Head contact time (ms) | 56 |
Force rating | 1 |
Neck forces | |
Max neck shear force (N) | 14 |
Max neck tension (N) | 587 |
How the head restraint & seat test is conducted
Currently, IIHS tests apply only to front seats.
Headlights
Ratings are given for 3 different headlight variations available on this vehicle.
Trim level(s)
- Lariat trim equipped with 502A package
- Raptor trim equipped with 801A package
- King Ranch trim
- Platinum trim
- Limited trim
- Tremor trim equipped with 402A package
Low-beam headlight type | LED projector |
---|---|
High-beam headlight type | LED projector |
Curve-adaptive? | Yes |
High-beam assist? | Yes |
Overall rating | |
Distance at which headlights provide at least 5 lux illumination: |
Low beams
On the straightaway, visibility was good on the right side of the road and fair on the left side. On curves, visibility was good on both right curves, fair on the sharp left curve and inadequate on the gradual left curve.
The low beams never exceeded glare limits.
High beams
On the straightaway, visibility was good on the left side of the road and fair on the right side. On curves, visibility was good in all 4 tests.
High-beam assist compensates for some limitations of this vehicle's low beams on the straightaway and on both left curves.
Trim level(s) |
|
---|---|
Low-beam headlight type | LED projector |
High-beam headlight type | LED projector |
Curve-adaptive? | Yes |
High-beam assist? | Yes |
Overall rating Applies to 2021-23 models |
LOW BEAMS | Average minimum useful illumination distance (5 lux) |
Amount glare exceeded threshold |
---|---|---|
Straightaway right edge | 94.1 m | None |
Straightaway left edge | 48.4 m | None |
250m radius right curve, right edge | 76.9 m | None |
250m radius left curve, left edge | 45.0 m | None |
150m radius right curve, right edge | 65.2 m | None |
150m radius left curve, right edge | 51.1 m | None |
HIGH BEAMS | Average minimum useful illumination distance (5 lux) |
---|---|
Straightaway right edge | 135.7 m |
Straightaway left edge | 154.1 m |
250m radius right curve, right edge | 80.9 m |
250m radius left curve, left edge | 92.9 m |
150m radius right curve, right edge | 65.9 m |
150m radius left curve, left edge | 67.9 m |
Trim level(s)
- XLT trim equipped with 302A package
- Lariat trim
- Tremor trim equipped with 401A package
- Raptor trim
Low-beam headlight type | LED reflector |
---|---|
High-beam headlight type | LED reflector |
Curve-adaptive? | No |
High-beam assist? | Yes |
Overall rating | |
Distance at which headlights provide at least 5 lux illumination: |
Low beams
On the straightaway, visibility was good on the right side of the road and fair on the left side. On curves, visibility was inadequate in all 4 tests.
The low beams never exceeded glare limits.
High beams
On the straightaway, visibility was good on both sides of the road. On curves, visibility was inadequate in all 4 tests.
High-beam assist compensates for some limitations of this vehicle's low beams on the straightaway and all 4 curves.
Trim level(s) |
|
---|---|
Low-beam headlight type | LED reflector |
High-beam headlight type | LED reflector |
Curve-adaptive? | No |
High-beam assist? | Yes |
Overall rating Applies to 2021-23 models |
LOW BEAMS | Average minimum useful illumination distance (5 lux) |
Amount glare exceeded threshold |
---|---|---|
Straightaway right edge | 99.6 m | None |
Straightaway left edge | 46.0 m | None |
250m radius right curve, right edge | 51.0 m | None |
250m radius left curve, left edge | 44.6 m | None |
150m radius right curve, right edge | 43.9 m | None |
150m radius left curve, left edge | 42.6 m | None |
HIGH BEAMS | Average minimum useful illumination distance (5 lux) |
---|---|
Straightaway right edge | 184.7 m |
Straightaway left edge | 169.0 m |
250m radius right curve, right edge | 59.5 m |
250m radius left curve, left edge | 57.7 m |
150m radius right curve, right edge | 47.9 m |
150m radius left curve, left edge | 48.2 m |
Trim level(s)
- XL trim
- XLT trim
- Tremor trim
Low-beam headlight type | Halogen reflector |
---|---|
High-beam headlight type | Halogen reflector |
Curve-adaptive? | No |
High-beam assist? | Yes |
Overall rating | |
Distance at which headlights provide at least 5 lux illumination: |
Low beams
On the straightaway, visibility was inadequate on both sides of the road. On curves, visibility was inadequate in all 4 tests.
The low beams never exceeded glare limits.
High beams
On the straightaway, visibility was fair on the right side of the road and inadequate on the left side. On curves, visibility was inadequate in all 4 tests.
High-beam assist compensates for some limitations of this vehicle's low beams on the straightaway and all 4 curves.
Trim level(s) |
|
---|---|
Low-beam headlight type | Halogen reflector |
High-beam headlight type | Halogen reflector |
Curve-adaptive? | No |
High-beam assist? | Yes |
Overall rating Applies to 2021-23 models |
LOW BEAMS | Average minimum useful illumination distance (5 lux) |
Amount glare exceeded threshold |
---|---|---|
Straightaway right edge | 73.7 m | None |
Straightaway left edge | 30.7 m | None |
250m radius right curve, right edge | 36.6 m | None |
250m radius left curve, left edge | 33.8 m | None |
150m radius right curve, right edge | 34.1 m | None |
150m radius left curve, left edge | 29.9 m | None |
HIGH BEAMS | Average minimum useful illumination distance (5 lux) |
---|---|
Straightaway right edge | 130.0 m |
Straightaway left edge | 82.6 m |
250m radius right curve, right edge | 46.1 m |
250m radius left curve, left edge | 42.4 m |
150m radius right curve, right edge | 37.0 m |
150m radius left curve, left edge | 33.5 m |
Front crash prevention: vehicle-to-vehicle
Ratings are given for 2 different trim variations available on this vehicle.
Front crash prevention: pedestrian (day)
Ratings are given for 2 different systems available on this vehicle.
Front crash prevention: pedestrian (night)
Seat belt reminders
Rating applies to 2022-24 models
Overall evaluation | |
---|---|
Front row | |
Unbelted occupant alert (audible & visual) | |
Initiation time | |
Duration | Negligible (under 8 seconds) |
Volume | |
Audio frequency | |
Second row | |
Startup status alert (visual) | |
Initiation time | |
Duration at least 60 seconds | |
Belt disengaged alert (audible & visual) | |
Initiation time | |
Duration at least 30 seconds | |
Volume | |
Audio frequency |
Background cabin sound pressure level at 24 km/h | 48 dB |
Audible signal sound pressure level at 24 km/h | 64 dB |
Difference between background and signal | 16.4 dB |
Background cabin sound pressure level at 40 km/h | 52 dB |
Audible signal sound pressure level at 40 km/h | 67 dB |
Difference between background and signal | 15.1 dB |
Dominant audio frequency | 744 Hz |
Child seat anchors
Rating applies to 2021-24 models
Overall evaluation | |
Vehicle trim | XLT SuperCrew |
Seat type | cloth |
This vehicle has 2 rear seating positions with complete child seat attachment (LATCH) hardware.
It has 1 additional seating position with a tether anchor only.
Overall evaluation | |
Vehicle trim | XLT SuperCrew |
Seat type | cloth |
G | Good |
A | Acceptable |
M | Marginal |
P | Poor |
Seating positions that rely on borrowed lower anchors or have only a tether anchor available are not rated. | |
thether anchor symbol | Tether anchor |
lower anchor symbol | Lower anchors |
Lower anchor(s) can be borrowed from adjacent positions(s) | |
No hardware available |
Details by seating position
1 | |
---|---|
Tether anchor | |
hard-to-find location | |
other hardware could be confused for anchor | |
Lower anchors | |
not too deep in seat | |
not too much force needed to attach | |
easy to maneuver around anchors | |
2 | |
Tether anchor | |
hard-to-find location | |
other hardware could be confused for anchor | |
Lower anchors | |
none available | |
3 | |
Tether anchor | |
hard-to-find location | |
other hardware could be confused for anchor | |
Lower anchors | |
not too deep in seat | |
not too much force needed to attach | |
easy to maneuver around anchors |
Seat position 21
Lower anchor A | |
---|---|
Open access rated | Yes |
Depth | Visible |
Force (lbs) | 0 |
Clearance angle (degrees) | 73 |
Lower anchor B | |
Open access rated | Yes |
Depth | Visible |
Force (lbs) | 0 |
Clearance angle (degrees) | 71 |
Tether anchor | |
Location | Back wall |
Confusing hardware present | Yes |
Has contrasting label within 3 inches of tether anchor |
No |
Tether anchors can be accessed while seatback is properly positioned for use of LATCH |
Not measured |
Seat position 22
Lower anchor A | |
---|---|
No lower latch for this seat position | |
Lower anchor B | |
No lower latch for this seat position | |
Tether anchor | |
Location | Back wall |
Confusing hardware present | Yes |
Has contrasting label within 3 inches of tether anchor |
No |
Tether anchors can be accessed while seatback is properly positioned for use of LATCH |
Not measured |
Seat position 23
Lower anchor A | |
---|---|
Open access rated | Yes |
Depth | Visible |
Force (lbs) | 0 |
Clearance angle (degrees) | 66 |
Lower anchor B | |
Open access rated | Yes |
Depth | Visible |
Force (lbs) | 0 |
Clearance angle (degrees) | 68 |
Tether anchor | |
Location | Back wall |
Confusing hardware present | Yes |
Has contrasting label within 3 inches of tether anchor |
No |
Tether anchors can be accessed while seatback is properly positioned for use of LATCH |
Not measured |