2000 & later

Baker, S.P.; Braver, E.R.; Chen, L-H.; Li, G. and Williams, A.F. 2002. Drinking histories of fatally injured drivers. Injury Prevention 8:221-26.

Beirness, D.J.; Simpson, H.M. and Williams, A.F. 2006. Role of cannabis and benzodiazepines in motor vehicle crashes. Transportation Research Circular E-C096:12-21. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Ferguson, S.A.; Burns, M.M.; Fiorentino, D.; Williams, A.F. and Garcia, J. 2002. Drinking and driving among Mexican American and non-Hispanic white males in Long Beach, California. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:429-37.

Lund, A.K.; McCartt, A.T. and Farmer, C.M. 2012. Contribution of alcohol-impaired driving to motor vehicle crash deaths in 2010. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Lund, A.K.; McCartt, A.T. and Farmer, C.M. 2007. Contribution of alcohol-impaired driving to motor vehicle crash deaths in 2005. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD-ROM). Oslo, Norway: International Council on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety. view/download

McCartt, A.T. and Williams, A.F. 2004. Characteristics of fatally injured drivers with high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs). Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD-ROM). Edinburgh, Scotland: Scottish Executive.

Williams, A.F.; McCartt, A.T. and Ferguson, S.A. 2007. Hardcore drinking drivers and other contributors to the alcohol-impaired driving problem: need for a comprehensive approach. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:1-10.

1990s

Foss, R.D.; Beirness, D.J.; Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 1995. Roadside surveys in conjunction with sobriety checkpoints. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 1:191-96. Adelaide, Australia: NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, University of Adelaide.

Lund, A.K. and Wolfe, A.C. 1991. Changes in the incidence of alcohol-impaired driving in the United States, 1973-1986. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 52:293-301.

Voas, R.B.; Wells, J.K.; Lestina, D.C.; Williams, A.F. and Greene, M.A. 1998. Drinking and driving in the United States: the 1996 national roadside survey. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30:267-75.

Williams, A.F. 1992. The 1980s decline in alcohol-impaired driving and crashes and why it occurred. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 8:71-76.

Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Alcohol-impaired driving and crashes involving alcohol in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 101-05. Chicago, IL: National Safety Council.

Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 1993. Factors associated with high blood alcohol concentrations among fatally injured drivers in the United States. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 9:87-96.

1980s

Voas, R.B. and Williams, A.F. 1986. Age differences of arrested and crash-involved drinking drivers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 47:244-48.

1970s

Baker, S.P. 1979. Motorcyclists, pedestrians, and alcohol. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. I.R. Johnston), 32-37. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

O'Neill, B. and Wells, W.T. 1971. Blood alcohol levels in drivers not involved in accidents and the lognormal distribution. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 32:798-803.

Waller, J.A. 1972. Factors associated with alcohol and responsibility for fatal highway crashes. Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 33:160-70.

1990s

Moskowitz, H.A.; Burns, M.M. and Ferguson, S.A. 1999. Police officers' detection of breath odors from alcohol ingestion. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31:175-80.

1980s

Burns, M.M. and Moskowitz, H.A. 1981. Alcohol, marihuana and skills performance. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. L. Goldberg), 3:954-68. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist and Wiksell International.

Moskowitz, H.A. and Burns, M.M. 1981. The effect of alcohol and caffeine, alone and in combination, on skills performance. Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. L. Goldberg), 3:969-83. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist and Wiksell International.

Moskowitz, H.A.; Burns, M.M. and Williams, A.F. 1985. Skills performance at low blood alcohol levels. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 46:482-85.

O'Neill, B.; Williams, A.F. and Dubowski, K.M. 1983. Variability in blood alcohol concentrations: implications for estimating individual results. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 44:222-30.

1970s

Moskowitz, H.A. and Burns, M.M. 1977. The effects of alcohol and valium, singly and in combination, upon driving-related skills performance. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine (ed. D.F. Huelke), 226-40. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

2000 & later

McCartt, A.T.; Wells, J.K. and Teoh, E.R. 2010. Attitudes toward in-vehicle advanced alcohol detection technology. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:156-64.

1990s

Farmer, C.M.; Wells, J.K.; Ferguson, S.A. and Voas, R.B. 1999. Field evaluation of the PAS III passive alcohol sensor. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 1:55-61.

Ferguson, S.A.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1995. The role of passive alcohol sensors in detecting alcohol-impaired drivers at sobriety checkpoints. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 11:23-30.

Lestina, D.C. and Lund, A.K. 1992. Laboratory evaluation of two passive alcohol sensors. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 53:328-34.

1980s

Jones, I.S. and Lund, A.K. 1986. Detection of alcohol-impaired drivers using a passive alcohol sensor. Journal of Police Science and Administration 14:153-60.

Lund, A.K. and Jones, I.S. 1987. Detection of impaired drivers with a passive alcohol sensor. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 379-82. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.

1970s

O'Neill, B. and Prouty, R.W. 1972. An evaluation of some qualitative breath screening tests for alcohol. Proceedings of the 15th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 261-96. New York, NY: Society of Automotive Engineers.

2000 & later

Burns, M.M.; Anderson, E. and Moio, J. 2002. A study of DUI enforcement. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 673-83. Quebec, Canada: Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec.

Chaudhary, Neil K.; Tison, Julie; McCartt, Anne T.; Fields, Michele. 2011. Patterns of recidivism related to case dispositions of alcohol-impaired driving offenses. Traffic Injury Prevention 12:210-16.

Fell, J.C.; Ferguson, S.A.; Williams, A.F. and Fields, M. 2003. Why are sobriety checkpoints not widely adopted as an enforcement strategy in the United States? Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:897-902.

Ferguson, S.A. 2001. Research needs and priorities in alcohol-impaired driving among special populations. Transportation Research Circular 502:110-21. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Lacey, J.H.; Ferguson, S.A.; Kelley-Baker, T. and Rider, R.P. 2006. Low-manpower checkpoints: Can they provide effective DUI enforcement in small communities? Traffic Injury Prevention 7:213-18.

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Kirley, B.B. 2010. The effects of minimum legal drinking age 21 laws on alcohol-related driving in the United States. Journal of Safety Research 41:173-81.

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Wells, J.K. 2009. Effects of a college community campaign on drinking and driving with a strong enforcement component. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:141-47.

McCartt, A.T.; Leaf, W.A.; Farmer, C.M.; Eichelberger, A.H. 2013. Washington state’s alcohol ignition interlock law: effects on recidivism among first-time DUI offenders. Traffic Injury Prevention 14:215-29.

Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Cammisa, M.X. 2000. Self-reported drinking and driving practices and attitudes in four countries and perceptions of enforcement. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD ROM). Borlänge, Sweden: Swedish National Road Administration.

1990s

Beck, K.H.; Rauch, W.J.; Baker, E.A. and Williams, A.F. 1999. Effects of ignition interlock license restrictions on drivers with multiple alcohol offenses: a randomized trial in Maryland. American Journal of Public Health 89:1696-1700.

Foss, R.D.; Beirness, D.J.;Tolbert, W.G.; Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 1997. Effect of an intensive sobriety checkpoint program on drinking-driving in North Carolina. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. C. Mercier-Guyon), 2:943-48. Annecy, France: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Médecine du Trafic.

Kiger, S.M.; Lestina, D.C. and Lund, A.K. 1993. Passive alcohol sensors in law enforcement screening for alcohol-impaired drivers. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 9:7-18.

Ross, H.L.; Simon, S. and Cleary, J. 1996. License plate confiscation for persistent alcohol-impaired drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:53-61.

Wells, J.K.; Greene, M.A.; Foss, R.D.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1997. Drinking drivers missed at sobriety checkpoints. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 58:513-17.

Wells, J.K.; Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. 1992. Enforcing alcohol-impaired driving and seat belt use laws, Binghamton, New York. Journal of Safety Research 23:63-71.

Williams, A.F. 1994. The contribution of education and public information to reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 10:197-205.

Williams, A.F.; Weinberg, K. and Fields, M. 1991. The effectiveness of administrative license suspension laws. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 7:55-62.

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Foss, R.D. 1995. The North Carolina Governor's Highway Safety Initiative: initial results from "Booze It and Lose It." Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 1:347-51. Adelaide, Australia: NHMRC Road Accident Research Unit, University of Adelaide.

1980s

Fields, M. and Hricko, A.R. 1986. Passive alcohol sensors — constitutional implications. The Prosecutor 20:45-52.

O'Neill, B. 1986. Detecting drunk drivers by using a passive alcohol sensor. Drunk Driving Laws and Enforcement — An Assessment of Effectiveness, 57-59. Chicago, IL: American Bar Association.

Ross, H.L. 1987. Administrative license revocation in New Mexico: an evaluation. Law and Policy 9:5-16.

Ross, H.L. 1987. Britain's Christmas crusade against drinking and driving. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 48:476-82.

Ross, H.L. and Gonzales, P. 1988. Effects of license revocation on drunk-driving offenders. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:379-91.

Ross, H.L.; Klette, H. and McCleary, R. 1984. Liberalization and rationalization of drunk-driving laws in Scandinavia. Accident Analysis and Prevention 16:471-87.

Ross, H.L.; McCleary, R. and Epperlein, T. 1982. Deterrence of drinking and driving in France: an evaluation of the law of July 12, 1978. Law and Society Review 16:345-74.

Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1984. Deterrent effects of roadblocks on drinking and driving. Traffic Safety Evaluation Research Review 3:7-18.

Zador, P.L.; Lund, A.K.; Fields, M. and Weinberg, K. 1989. Fatal crash involvement and laws against alcohol-impaired driving. Journal of Public Health Policy 10:467-85.

1970s

O'Neill, B. and Eiswirth, R.S. 1972. Screening drivers for alcohol — an application of Bayes' formula. American Journal of Public Health 62:1468-72.

Robertson, L.S.; Rich, R.F. and Ross, H.L. 1973. Jail sentences for driving while intoxicated in Chicago: a judicial policy that failed. Law and Society Review 8:55-67.

Ross, H.L. 1975. Blood alcohol concentrations among Scandinavian drivers: data from the northern countries in international perspective. Blutalkohol 12:372-81.

Ross, H.L. 1975. The effectiveness of drinking-and-driving laws in Sweden and Great Britain. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety, 663-78. Toronto, Ontario: Addiction Research Foundation of Ontario.

Ross, H.L. 1975. The Scandinavian myth: the effectiveness of drinking-and-driving legislation in Sweden and Norway. The Journal of Legal Studies 4:285-310.

Zador, P.L. 1976. Statistical evaluation of the effectiveness of alcohol safety action projects. Accident Analysis and Prevention 8:51-66.

2000 & later

Ferguson, S.A.; Fields, M. and Voas, R.B. 2000. Enforcement of zero tolerance laws in the United States. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD ROM). Borlänge, Sweden: Swedish National Road Administration.

Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 2002. Awareness of zero tolerance laws in three states. Journal of Safety Research 33:293-99.

Hingson, R.W.; Assailly, J.P. and Williams, A.F. 2004. Underage drinking: frequency, consequences, and interventions. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:228-36.

McCartt, A.T.; Blackman, K. and Voas, R.B. 2007. Implementation of Washington state's zero tolerance law: patterns of arrests, dispositions, and recidivism. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:339-45.

McCartt, A.T. and Kirley, B.B. 2007. Minimum purchase age laws: How effective are they in reducing alcohol-impaired driving? Transportation Research Circular E-C123:84-96. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

McCartt, A.T.; Leaf, W.A.; Preusser, D.F. and Farmer, C.M. 2000. Graduated licensing in Florida: the .02% BAC driving restriction. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CD-ROM). Borlänge, Sweden: Swedish National Road Administration.

1990s

Preusser, D.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Williams, A.F. and Farmer, C.M. 1997. Underage access to alcohol: sources of alcohol and use of false identification. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety (ed. C. Mercier-Guyon), 3:1017-25. Annecy, France: Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches en Médecine du Trafic.

Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. 1992. Sales of alcohol to underage purchasers in three New York counties and Washington, DC. Journal of Public Health Policy 13:306-17.

Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. 1994. Policing underage alcohol sales. Journal of Safety Research 25:127-33.

1980s

DuMouchel, W.; Williams, A.F. and Zador, P.L. 1987. Raising the alcohol purchase age: its effects on fatal motor vehicle crashes in 26 states. Journal of Legal Studies 16:249-66.

Williams, A.F. 1987. Drinking-age laws: an evaluation synthesis of their impact on highway safety. Contemporary Drug Problems, 673-76. New York, NY: Federal Legal Publications.

Williams, A.F. 1986. Raising the legal purchase age in the United States: its effects on fatal motor vehicle crashes. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 2:1-12.

Williams, A.F.; Lund, A.K. and Preusser, D.F. 1986. Drinking and driving among high school students. International Journal of Addictions 21:643-55.

Williams, A.F.; Zador, P.L.; Harris, S.S. and Karpf, R.S. 1983. The effect of raising the legal minimum drinking age on involvement in fatal crashes. Journal of Legal Studies 12:169-79.

1970s

Williams, A.F.; Rich, R.F.; Zador, P.L. and Robertson, L.S. 1975. The legal minimum drinking age and fatal motor vehicle crashes. Journal of Legal Studies 4:219-39.

1990s

Baker, S.P.; Braver, E.R.; Chen, L-H.; Pantula, J.F. and Massie, D.L. 1998. Motor vehicle occupant deaths among Hispanic and black children and teenagers. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 152:1209-12.

Baker, S.P.; Fingerhut, L.A.; Higgins, L.; Chen, L-H. and Braver, E.R. 1996. Injury to children and teenagers: state-by-state mortality facts. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Center for Injury Research and Policy.

1980s

Baker, S.P. and Waller, A.E. 1989. Childhood Injury: State-by-State Mortality Facts. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins Injury Prevention Center.

Kraus, J.F.; Fife, D.; Cox, P.; Ramstein, K. and Conroy, C. 1986. Incidence, severity, and external causes of pediatric brain injury. American Journal of Diseases of Children 140:687-93.

Waller, A.E.; Baker, S.P. and Szocka, A. 1989. Childhood injury deaths: national analysis and geographic variations. American Journal of Public Health 79:310-15.

Williams, A.F. 1981. Children killed in falls from motor vehicles. Pediatrics 68:576-78.

1970s

Baker, S.P. 1979. Motor vehicle occupant deaths in young children. Pediatrics 64:860-61.

Baker, S.P. and Karwacki, J.J., Jr. 1979. Children killed in crashes. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 335-47. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

2000 & later

Eichelberger, A.H.; Chouinard, A.O. and Jermakian, J.S. 2012. Effects of booster seat laws on injury risk among children in crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 13:631-39.

Klinich, K.D.; Flannagan, C.A.C.; Jermakian, J.S.; McCartt, A.T.; Manary, M.A.; Moore, J.L. and Wells, J.K. 2012. Vehicle LATCH system features associated with correct child restraint installations. Traffic Injury Prevention, in press. view/download

Meyerson, S.L. and Lund, A.K. 2001. Child restraint durability in high-speed crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0123. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Sherwood, C.P.; Crandall, J.R.; Ferguson, S.A.; Dakin, G.J. and Nolan, J.M. 2003. Factors leading to crash fatalities to children placed in child restraints. Proceedings of 47th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, (CD-ROM). Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and De Leonardis, D.M. 2001. Physician counseling about safe vehicle travel for children. Journal of Safety Research 32:149-56.

1990s

Fields, M. and Weinberg, K. 1994. Coverage gaps in child restraint and seat-belt laws affecting children. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26:371-76.

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Ferguson, S.A. 1997. Development and evaluation of programs to increase proper child restraint use. Journal of Safety Research 28:197-202.

1980s

Melvin, J.W.; Weber, K. and Lux, P. 1980. Performance of child restraints in serious crashes. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 117-31. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Reisinger, K.S.; Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K.; John, C.E.; Roberts, T.R. and Podgainy, H.J. 1981. Effect of pediatricians' counseling on infant restraint use. Pediatrics 67:201-06.

Weber, K. 1980. Survey of infant restraint usability. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 88-116. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 1981. The Tennessee child restraint law in its third year. American Journal of Public Health 71:163-65.

1970s

Reisinger, K.S. and Williams, A.F. 1978. Evaluation of programs designed to increase the protection of infants in cars. Pediatrics 62:280-87.

Williams, A.F. 1979. Evaluation of the Tennessee child restraint law. American Journal of Public Health 69:455-58.

Williams, A.F. 1976. Observed child restraint use in automobiles. American Journal of Diseases of Children 130:1311-17.

2000 & later

Ferguson, S.A.; Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 2000. Child seating position and restraint use in three states. Injury Prevention 6:24-28.

Jermakian, J.S. and Wells, J.K. 2011. Observed use of tethers in forward-facing child restraint systems. Injury Prevention 17:371-74.

Kirley, B.B.; Teoh, E.R.; Lund, A.K.; Arbogast, K.B.; Kallan, M.J. and Durbin, D.R. 2009. Making the most of the worst-case scenario: Should belt-positioning booster seats be used in lap-belt-only seating positions? Traffic Injury Prevention 10:580-83.

Reed, M.P.; Ebert, S.M.; Sherwood, C.P.; Klinich, K.D. and Manary, M.A. 2009. Evaluation of the static belt fit provided by belt-positioning booster seats. Accident Analysis and Prevention 41:598-607.

1990s

Braver, E.R.; Whitfield, R.A. and Ferguson, S.A. 1997. Risk of death among child passengers in front and rear seating positions (SAE 973298). Child Occupant Protection Second Symposium Proceedings (P-316), 25-34. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Braver, E.R.; Whitfield, R.A. and Ferguson, S.A. 1998. Seating positions and children's risk of dying in motor vehicle crashes. Injury Prevention 4:181-87.

Powell, M.R. and Zuby, D.S. 1999. Testing of passenger airbags with 6-year-old child Hybrid III dummy to assess injury risk to belted children. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1970s

Mohan, D.; Bowman, B.M.; Snyder, R.G. and Foust, D.R. 1979. A biomechanical analysis of head impact injuries to children. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 101:250-60.

Mohan, D. and Schneider, L.W. 1979. An evaluation of adult clasping strength for restraining lap-held infants. Human Factors 21:635-45.

2000 & later

Braitman, K.A.; McCartt, A.T.; Zuby, D.S. and Singer, J. 2010. Volvo and Infiniti drivers' experiences with select crash avoidance technologies. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:270-78.

Eichelberger, A.H. and McCartt, A.T. 2012. Volvo drivers' experiences with advanced crash avoidance and related technologies. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Jermakian, J.S. 2012. Crash avoidance potential of four large truck technologies. Accident Analysis and Prevention 49:338-46.

Jermakian, J.S. 2011. Crash avoidance potential of four passenger vehicle technologies. Accident Analysis and Prevention 43:732-40.

2000 & later

Farmer, C.M. and Williams, A.F. 2002. Effects of daytime running lights on multiple-vehicle daylight crashes in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:197-203.

1990s

Farmer, C.M. 1996. Effectiveness estimates for center high mounted stop lamps: a six-year study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:201-08.

Sparks, G.A.; Neudorf, R.D.; Smith, A.E.; Wapman, K.R. and Zador, P.L. 1993. The effect of daytime running lights on crashes between two vehicles in Saskatchewan: a study of a government fleet. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:619-25.

Williams, A.F. and Lancaster, K.A. 1995. The prospects of daytime running lights for reducing vehicle crashes in the United States. Public Health Reports 110:233-39.

1980s

Rausch, A.; Wong, J.C. and Kirkpatrick, M. 1982. A field test of two single center, high mounted brake light systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:287-91.

Stein, H.S. 1985. Fleet experience with daytime running lights in the United States. SAE Technical Paper Series 851239. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

2000 & later

Farmer, C.M. 2004. Effect of electronic stability control on automobile crash risk. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:317-25.

Farmer, C.M. 2006. Effects of electronic stability control: an update. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:319-24.

Farmer, C.M. 2010. Effects of electronic stability control on fatal crash risk. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

2000 & later

Farmer, C.M. 2001. New evidence concerning fatal crashes of passenger vehicles before and after adding antilock braking systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33:361-69.

Teoh, E.R. 2011. Effectiveness of antilock braking systems in reducing motorcycle fatal crash rates. Traffic Injury Prevention 12:169-73.

1990s

Farmer, C.M.; Lund, A.K.; Trempel, R.E. and Braver, E.R. 1997. Fatal crashes of passenger vehicles before and after adding antilock braking systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29:745-57.

Hazelbaker, K.L. 1996. Comment on 'Accident experience of passenger vehicles with four-wheel antilock brake systems' by Lau and Padmanaban. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 1994. Driver experience with antilock brake systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 26:807-11.

2000 & later

Brumbelow, M.L. and Teoh, E.R. 2009. Roof strength and injury risk in rollover crashes of passengers cars. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:584-92.

Brumbelow, M.L.; Teoh, E.R.; Zuby, D.S. and McCartt, A.T. 2009. Roof strength and injury risk in rollover crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:252-65.

Farmer, C.M. and Lund, A.K. 2002. Rollover risk of cars and light trucks after accounting for driver and environmental factors. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:163-73.

1990s

Zador, P.L.; Williams, A.F. and Ciccone, M.A. 1992. Fatal rollover rates of small SUVs and pickups. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1980s

O'Neill, B. 1987. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 6, 1987). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Reinfurt, D.W.; Li, L.K.; Popkin, C.L.; O'Neill, B.; Burchman, P.F. and Wells, J.K. 1982. Rollover and serious driver injury differences among various SUVs, pickup trucks, and passenger car groups. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 297-311. Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Reinfurt, D.W.; Stutts, J.C. and Hamilton, E.G. 1984. A further look at SUV rollovers. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center.

Snyder, R.G.; McDole, T.L.; Ladd, W.M. and Minahan, D.J. 1980. On-road crash experience of SUVs. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.

Wolpert, J. and Belanger, R. 1980. Vehicle handling tests of the American Motors CJ-5 Jeep. Phoenix, AZ: Dynamic Science, Inc.

2000 & later

Ferguson, S.A. and Braitman, K.A. 2006. Women's issues in highway safety: a summary of the literature. Research on Women's Issues in Transportation: Report of a Conference. Conference Proceedings 35; Volume 1: Conference Overview and Plenary Papers, 39-50. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Mayhew, D.R.; Ferguson, S.A.; Desmond, K.J. and Simpson, H.M. 2003. Trends in fatal crashes involving female drivers, 1975-1998. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:407-15.

1990s

Farmer, C.M. 1996. Effectiveness estimates for center high mounted stop lamps: a six-year study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:201-08.

Sparks, G.A.; Neudorf, R.D.; Smith, A.E.; Wapman, K.R. and Zador, P.L. 1993. The effect of daytime running lights on crashes between two vehicles in Saskatchewan: a study of a government fleet. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:619-25.

Williams, A.F. and Lancaster, K.A. 1995. The prospects of daytime running lights for reducing vehicle crashes in the United States. Public Health Reports 110:233-39.

1980s

Rausch, A.; Wong, J.C. and Kirkpatrick, M. 1982. A field test of two single center, high mounted brake light systems. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:287-91.

Stein, H.S. 1985. Fleet experience with daytime running lights in the United States. SAE Technical Paper Series 851239. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1990s

Lund, A.K. and Williams, A.F. 1985. A review of the literature evaluating the defensive driving course. Accident Analysis and Prevention 17:449-60.

Struckman-Johnson, D.L.; Lund, A.K.; Williams, A.F. and Osborne, D.W. 1989. Comparative effects of driver improvement programs on crashes and violations. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21:203-15.

1970s

Williams, A.F. and O'Neill, B. 1974. On-the-road driving records of licensed race drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 6:263-70.

2000 & later

Braitman, K.A. and McCartt, A.T. 2010. National reported patterns of driver cell phone use in the United States. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:543-48.

Braver, E.R.; Lund, A.K. and McCartt, A.T. 2009. Hands-free embedded cell phones and airbag-deployment crash rates (letter to the editor). Risk Analysis 29:1069.

Braver, E.R.; Lund, A.K. and McCartt, A.T. 2009. Review of "Real-World Personal Conversations Using a Hands-Free Embedded Wireless Device While Driving: Effect On Airbag Deployment Crash Rates" by Richard A. Young and Christopher Schreiner. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Farmer, C,M.; Braitman, K.A. and Lund, A.K. 2010. Cellphone use while driving and attributable crash risk. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:466-70.

Foss, R.D.; Goodwin, A.H.; McCartt, A.T. and Hellinga, L.A. 2009. Short-term effects of a teenage driver cell phone restriction. Accident Analysis and Prevention 41:419-24.

Hedlund, J.H. 2000. Risky business: safety regulations, risk compensation, and individual behavior. Injury Prevention 6:82-89.

Kidd, D.G. and McCartt, A.T. 2012. Review of "Cell Phone Use and Crash Risk: Evidence for Positive Bias" by Richard A. Young. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Levy, D.T. and Miller, T. 2000. Review: Risk compensation literature — the theory and evidence. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 2:75-86

McCartt, A.T.; Braver, E.R. and Geary, L.L. 2003. Drivers' use of handheld cell phones before and after New York State's cell phone law. Preventive Medicine 36:629-35.

McCartt, A.T. and Geary, L.L. 2004. Longer term effects of New York State's law on drivers' handheld cell phone use. Injury Prevention 10:11-15.

McCartt, A.T. and Hellinga, L.A. 2007. Longer term effects of Washington, DC, law on drivers' hand-held cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:199-204.

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Braitman, K.A. 2006. Cell phones and driving: review of research. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:89-106.

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Geary, L.L. 2006. Effects of Washington, D.C., law on drivers' hand-held cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:1-15.

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A.; Strouse, L.M. and Farmer, C.M. 2010. Long-term effects of handheld cell phone laws on driver handheld cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:133-41.

McEvoy, S.P.; Stevenson, M.R.; McCartt, A.T.; Woodward, M.; Haworth, C.; Palamara, P. and Cercarelli, R. 2005. Role of mobile phones in motor vehicle crashes resulting in hospital attendance: a case-crossover study. British Medical Journal, Online First doi:10.1136/bmj.38537.397512.55 (full text published online July 12, 2005).

Trempel, R.E.; Kyrychenko, S.Y. and Moore, M.J. 2011. Does banning hand-held cell phone use while driving reduce collisions? Chance 24(3):6-11.

Williams, A.F. 2003. Views of US drivers about driving safety. Journal of Safety Research 34:491-94.

1990s

O'Neill, B. and Williams, A.F. 1998. Risk homeostasis hypothesis: a rebuttal. Injury Prevention 4:92-93

1980s

Lund, A.K. and O'Neill, B. 1986. Perceived risks and driving behavior. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18:367-70.

Lund, A.K. and Zador, P.L. 1984. Mandatory belt use and driver risk taking. Risk Analysis 4:41-53.

O'Neill, B.; Lund, A.K.; Zador, P.L. and Ashton, S.J. 1985. Mandatory belt use and driver risk taking: an empirical evaluation of the risk-compensation hypothesis. Human Behavior and Traffic Safety (eds. L. Evans and R.C. Schwing), 93-118. New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation.

1970s

Williams, A.F. and Robertson, L.S. 1975. The fatal crash reduction program: a reevaluation. Accident Analysis and Prevention 7:37-44.

2000 & later

McCartt, A.T. and Solomon, M.G. 2004. Tracking traffic citations through court adjudications to posting to public driver records. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:93-100.

1970s

Robertson, L.S. and Baker, S.P. 1975. Prior violation records of 1,447 drivers involved in fatal crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 7:121-28.

1980s

Jones, I.S. and Champion, H.R. 1989. Trauma triage: vehicle damage as an estimate of injury severity. The Journal of Trauma 29:646-53.

Kane, G.; Engelhardt, R.; Celentano, J.; Koenig, W.; Yamanaka, J.; McKinney, P.; Brewer, M. and Fife, D. 1985. Empirical development and evaluation of prehospital trauma triage instruments. The Journal of Trauma 25:482-89.

Kraus, J.F.; Conroy, C.; Cox, P.; Ramstein, K. and Fife, D. 1985. Survival times and case fatality rates of brain-injured persons. Journal of Neurosurgery 63:537-43.

1970s

Baker, S.P. 1971. Evaluation of medical care of the injured (editorial). The Journal of Trauma 11:892-94.

Baker, S.P.; Gertner, H.R., Jr.; Rutherford, R.B. and Spitz, W.U. 1971. Traffic deaths due to blunt abdominal trauma. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 67-75. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Institute.

Baker, S.P. and Schultz, R.C. 1975. Recurrent problems in emergency room management of maxillofacial injuries. Clinics in Plastic Surgery 2:65-71.

Gertner, H.R., Jr.; Baker, S.P.; Rutherford, R.B. and Spitz, W.U. 1972. Evaluation of the management of vehicular fatalities secondary to abdominal injury. The Journal of Trauma 12:425-31.

Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Borhani, N.O. and Riggins, R.S. 1979. Survival with an acute spinal-cord injury. Journal of Chronic Diseases 32:269-83.

Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Riggins, R.S.; Richards, D. and Borhani, N.O. 1975. Incidence of traumatic spinal cord lesions. Journal of Chronic Diseases 28:471-92.

2000 & later

Arbelaez, R.A. and O'Neill, B. 2001. Difficulties in determining the cause of real-world crash injuries: a case study of a NASS investigation. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Braver, E.R.; Kyrychenko, S.Y. and Ferguson, S.A. 2005. Driver mortality in frontal crashes: comparison of newer and older airbag designs. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:24-30.

Braver, E.R.; McCartt, A.T.; Sherwood, C.P.; Zuby, D.S.; Blanar, L. and Scerbo, M. 2010. Front air bag nondeployments in frontal crashes fatal to drivers or right-front passengers. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:178-87.

Braver, E.R.; Shardell, M. and Teoh, E.R. 2010. How have changes in air bag designs affected frontal crash mortality? Annals of Epidemiology 20:499-510.

Cammisa, M.X.; Reed, R.T.; Ferguson, S.A. and Lund, A.K. 2000. Driver fatalities in frontal crashes of airbag-equipped vehicles: a review of 1989-96 NASS cases. SAE Technical Paper Series 2000-01-1003. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Farmer, C.M. 2006. Another look at Meyer and Finney's "Who Wants Airbags?" Chance 19:14-21.

Ferguson, S.A. 2004. Real-world performance of newer restraint systems in frontal crashes in the United States. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium and Exhibition on Sophisticated Car Occupant Safety Systems (CD-ROM). Pfinztal (Berghausen), Germany: Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT).

O'Neill, B. 2006. Airbags — yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Airbag 2006: Eighth International Symposium and Exhibition on Sophisticated Car Occupant Systems. Pfinztal (Berghausen), Germany: Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie (ICT).

Zuby, D.S. and O'Neill, B. 2001. Steering column movement in severe frontal crashes and its potential effect on airbag performance. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

1990s

Braver, E.R.; Ferguson, S.A.; Greene, M.A. and Lund, A.K. 1997. Reductions in deaths in frontal crashes among right front passengers in vehicles equipped with passenger airbags. Journal of the American Medical Association 278:1437-39.

De Leonardis, D.M.; Ferguson, S.A. and Pantula, J.F. 1998. Survey of driver seating positions in relation to the steering wheel (SAE 980642). Airbag Technology (SP-1333), 29-36. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Ferguson, S.A. 1996. Airbag performance in crashes. Proceedings of the Highway Safety Forum on Technological Innovations in Vehicle and Highway Safety, 21-34. Albany, NY: Institute for Traffic Safety Management and Research.

Lund, A.K. and Ferguson, S.A. 1995. Driver fatalities in 1985-93 cars with airbags. The Journal of Trauma 38:469-75.

Lund, A.K.; Ferguson, S.A. and Powell, M.R. 1996. Fatalities in air bag-equipped cars: a review of 1989-93 NASS cases. SAE Technical Paper Series 960661. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Werner, J.V.; Robertson, S.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Digges, K.H. 1996. Air bag deployment frequency and injury risks. SAE Technical Paper Series 960664. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Zador, P.L. and Ciccone, M.A. 1993. Automobile driver fatalities in frontal impacts: air bags compared with manual belts. American Journal of Public Health 83:661-66.

1980s

Kelley, A.B. 1983. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Surface Transportation (March 10, 1983). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

O'Neill, B. 1987. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 6, 1987). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1970s

Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1976. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee, on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (March 12, 1976). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Haddon, W.H., Jr.; Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1977. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (September 12, 1977). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Haddon, W.H., Jr.; Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1977. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (September 8, 1977). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Mohan, D.; Zador, P.L.; O'Neill, B. and Ginsburg, M.J. 1976. Airbags and lap/shoulder belts — a comparison of effectiveness in real world frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine (ed. D.F. Huelke), 315-35. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

1990s

Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1996. Survey of parents of infants about rear facing child restraints. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Morris, C.R.; Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 1998. Measuring airbag injury risk to out-of-position occupants. Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2:1036-43. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Werner, J.V.; Robertson, S.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Digges, K.H. 1997. Injury risks in cars with different air bag deployment rates. SAE Technical Paper Series 970491. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Zuby, D.S. and Powell, M.R. 1999. Testing of passenger airbags with 12-month-old infant CRABI dummy to assess injury risk to restrained infants. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1970s

Williams, A.F. 1976. Air bags and out-of-position children — a survey. Accident Analysis and Prevention 8:143-44.

2000 & later

Arbelaez, R.A.; Aylor, D.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Braitman, K.A. and Baker, B.C. 2006. Crash modes and injury patterns in real-world narrow object frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 2006 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact (CD-ROM). Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.

Brumbelow, M.L.; Baker, B.C. and Nolan, J.M. 2007. Effects of seat belt load limiters on driver fatalities in frontal crashes of passenger cars. Proceedings of the 20th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Brumbelow, M.L. and Zuby, D.S. 2009. Impact and injury patterns in frontal crashes of vehicles with good ratings for frontal crash protection. Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Farmer, C.M. 2005. Relationships of frontal offset crash test results to real-world driver fatality rates. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:31-37.

Newstead, S.V.; Farmer, C.M.; Narayan, S. and Cameron, M.H. 2003. US consumer crash test results and injury risk in police-reported crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:113-27.

Sherwood, C.P.; Nolan, J.M. and Zuby, D.S. 2009. Characteristics of small overlap crashes. Proceedings of the 21st International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Sherwood, C.P.; Zuby, D.S.; Nolan, J.M. and Aylor, D.A. 2010. The accuracy of velocity change estimates in small overlap frontal crashes. Proceedings of the Fourth International Expert Symposium on Accident Research (CD-ROM). Hannover, Germany: Hannover Medical School.

1990s

Gloyns, P.F.; Rattenbury, S.J.; Weller, R.O. and Lestina, D.C. 1994. Mechanisms and patterns of head injuries in fatal frontal and side impact crashes. Proceedings of the 1994 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts, 139-50. Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.

Lestina, D.C.; Kuhlman, T.P.; Keats, T.E. and Alley, R.M. 1992. Mechanisms of fracture in ankle and foot injuries to drivers in motor vehicle crashes (SAE 922515). Proceedings of the 36th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 59-68. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Sherwood, C.P.; O'Neill, B. and Hurwitz, S. 1999. Lower extremity injury causation in frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 1999 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, 513-524. Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.

1980s

Jones, I.S. and Whitfield, R.A. 1988. Predicting injury risk with New Car Assessment Program crashworthiness ratings. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:411-19.

Jones, I.S.; Whitfield, R.A. and Carroll, D.M. 1985. New Car Assessment Program results and the risk of injury in actual accidents. Proceedings of the 10th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, 371-80. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Zador, P.L.; Jones, I.S. and Ginsburg, M.J. 1984. Fatal front-to-front car collisions and the results of 35 mph frontal barrier impacts. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 1-18. Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

2000 & later

Aylor, D.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Zuby, D.S. and Baker, B.C. 2006. How the 64.4 km/h (40 mi/h) frontal offset deformable crash test relates to real-world crash severity. Proceedings of the Second International Expert Symposium on Accident Research (CD-ROM). Hannover, Germany: Hannover Medical School.

Cicchino, J.B. 2012. Survey of Volvo dealers about effects of small overlap frontal crash test results on business. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Lund, A.K. and Nolan, J.M. 2003. Changes in vehicle designs from frontal offset and side impact crash testing. SAE Technical Paper Series 2003-01-0902. Warrendale, PA: Society of Auto-motive Engineers.

Nolan, J.M. and Lund, A.K. 2001. Frontal offset deformable barrier crash testing and its effect on vehicle stiffness. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

1990s

Estep, C.R. and Lund, A.K. 1996. Dummy kinematics in offset frontal crash tests. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 502-10. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Lund, A.K.; Zuby, D.S. and Nolan, J.M. 1995. Deformable barriers and occupant protection in offset frontal car-to-car crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 950496. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Meyerson, S.L.; Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 1998. Repeatability of frontal offset crash tests. Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 3:2400-11. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Nolan, J.M.; Preuss, C.A.; Jones, S.L. and O'Neill, B. 1998. An update on the relationships between computed delta Vs and impact speeds for offset crash tests. Proceedings of the 16th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2:1234-41. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

O'Neill, B.; Lund, A.K.; Zuby, D.S. and Estep, C.R. 1996. New vehicle crashworthiness evaluations by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 2030-39. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

O'Neill, B.; Lund, A.K.; Zuby, D.S. and Preuss, C.A. 1994. Offset frontal impacts — a comparison of real-world crashes with laboratory tests. Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 649-70. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

O'Neill, B.; Preuss, C.A. and Nolan, J.M. 1996. Relationships between computed delta V and impact speeds for offset crash tests. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 1433-40. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Zuby, D.S. and Farmer, C.M. 1996. Lower extremity loads in offset frontal crashes. Proceedings of the 15th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, 414-21. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Zuby, D.S.; Farmer, C.M. and Lund, A.K. 1995. Intrusion and lower extremity injury risk in offset frontal test crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 950500. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1970s

Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1973. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance (May 29, 1973). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1974. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (March 28, 1974). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Trisko, E.M. and Shomo, E.W. 1974. A study in fire department cost allocation. Governmental Finance 3:24-36.

Trisko, E.M. 1975. Results of the 1973 national survey of motor vehicle fires. Fire Journal 69:19-27.

2000 & later

Braver, E.R. 2003. Race, Hispanic origin, and socioeconomic status in relation to motor vehicle occupant death rates and risk factors among adults. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:295-309.

Farmer, C.M. 2001. Driver death rates by vehicle make and series with adjustments for driver age and gender. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Farmer, C. M. 2011. Methods for estimating driver death rates by vehicle make and series. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Farmer, C.M. 2003. Reliability of police-reported information for determining crash and injury severity. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:38-44.

Farmer, C.M. and Williams, A.F. 2005. Temporal factors in motor vehicle crash deaths. Injury Prevention 11:18-23.

O'Neill, Brian. 2005. Improving U.S. highway safety: Have we taken the right road? TR News 239:24-27.

O'Neill, B. and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2006. Use and misuse of motor vehicle crash death rates in assessing highway safety performance. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:307-18.

1990s

Farmer, C.M. 1997. Trends in motor vehicle fatalities. Journal of Safety Research 28:37-48.

Ferguson, S.A.; Preusser, D.F.; Lund, A.K.; Zador, P.L. and Ulmer, R.G. 1995. Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: the reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. American Journal of Public Health 85:92-95.

1980s

Baker, S.P.; Samkoff, J.S.; Fisher, R.S. and Van Buren, C.B. 1982. Fatal occupational injuries. Journal of the American Medical Association 248:692-97.

Baker, S.P.; Whitfield, R.A. and O'Neill, B. 1988. County mapping of injury mortality. The Journal of Trauma 28:741-75.

Baker, S.P.; Whitfield, R.A. and O'Neill, B. 1987. Geographic variations in mortality from motor vehicle crashes. New England Journal of Medicine 316:1384-87.

Barancik, J.I.; Chatterjee, B.F.; Greene, Y.C.; Michenzi, E.M. and Fife, D. 1983. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: I. magnitude of the problem. American Journal of Public Health 73:746-51.

Barancik, J.I.; Chatterjee, B.F.; Greene-Cradden, Y.C.; Michenzi, E.M.; Kramer, C.F.; Thode, H.C., Jr. and Fife, D. 1986. Motor vehicle trauma in northeastern Ohio: I. incidence and outcome by age, sex, and road use category. American Journal of Epidemiology 123:846-61.

Chatterjee, B.F.; Barancik, J.I.; Fratianne, R.B.; Waltz, R.C. and Fife, D. 1986. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: V. burn injury. The Journal of Trauma 26:844-47.

Fife, D. and Barancik, J.I. 1985. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: III. incidence of fractures. Annals of Emergency Medicine 14:244-48.

Fife, D.; Barancik, J.I. and Chatterjee, B.F. 1984. Northeastern Ohio trauma study: II. injury rates by age, sex, and cause. American Journal of Public Health 74:473-78.

Fife, D.; Ginsburg, M.J. and Boynton, W. 1984. The role of motor vehicle crashes in causing certain injuries. American Journal of Public Health 74:1263-64.

Fife, D. and Jagger, J. 1984. The contribution of brain injury to the overall injury severity of brain-injured patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 60:697-99.

Fife, D. and Kraus, J.F. 1988. Infection as a contributory cause of death in patients hospitalized for motor vehicle trauma. American Journal of Surgery 155:278-83.

Kraus, J.F.; Black, M.A.; Hessol, N.; Ley, P.; Rokaw, W.; Sullivan, C.; Bowers, S.; Knowlton, S. and Marshall, L. 1984. The incidence of acute brain injury and serious impairment in a defined population. American Journal of Epidemiology 119:186-201.

Kraus, J.F.; Fife, D.; Ramstein, K.; Conroy, C. and Cox, P. 1986. The relationship of family income to the incidence, external causes, and outcomes of serious brain injury, San Diego County, California. American Journal of Public Health 76:1345-47.

Kraus, J.F. and Nourjah, P. 1988. The epidemiology of mild, uncomplicated brain injury. The Journal of Trauma 28:1637-43.

Whitfield, R.A. and Fife, D. 1987. Changing patterns in motor vehicle crash mortality: 1940-1980. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19:261-69.

Whitfield, R.A.; Zador, P.L. and Fife, D. 1985. Projected mortality from injuries. Accident Analysis and Prevention 17:367-71.

Williams, A.F. and Goins, S.E. 1981. Fatal falls and jumps from motor vehicles. American Journal of Public Health 71:275-79.

2000 & later

Williams, A.F. 2013. Protecting pedestrians and bicyclists: some observations and research opportunities. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1980s

Fife, D.; Davis, J. and Tate, L. 1983. Two fatal bicyclist injuries from extended rear view mirrors. The Journal of Trauma 23:756-57.

Fife, D.; Davis, J.; Tate, L.; Wells, J.K.; Mohan, D. and Williams, A.F. 1983. Fatal injuries to bicyclists: the experience of Dade County, Florida. The Journal of Trauma 23:745-55.

Kraus, J.F.; Fife, D. and Conroy, C. 1987. Incidence, severity, and outcomes of brain injuries involving bicycles. American Journal of Public Health 77:76-78.

1970s

Williams, A.F. 1976. Factors in the initiation of bicycle-motor vehicle collisions. Archives of American Journal of Diseases of Children 130 :370-77.

2000 & later

Hedlund, J.H.; Curtis, P.D.; Curtis, G. and Williams, A.F. 2004. Methods to reduce traffic crashes involving deer: what works and what does not. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:122-31.

Sullivan, T.L.; Williams, A.F.; Messmer, T.A.; Hellinga, L.A. and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2004. Effectiveness of temporary warning signs in reducing deer-vehicle collisions during mule deer migrations. Wildlife Society Bulletin 32:907-15.

Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 2005. Characteristics of vehicle-animal crashes in which vehicle occupants are killed. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:56-59.

1980s

Wood, P. and Wolfe, M.L. 1988. Intercept feeding as a means of reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16:376-80.

2000 & later

Lund, A.K. 2006. Smart vehicles, safety, and auto insurance. SAE Technical Paper Series 2006-21-0010. Proceedings of the Convergence 2006 Transportation Electronics Conference (CD-ROM). Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

O'Neill, B. 2005. Highway safety — a review of progress. RCAR Newsletter March:17-23. Wiltshire, United Kingdom: Research Council for Automobile Repairs.

O'Neill, B. 2009. Preventing passenger vehicle occupant injuries by vehicle design — a historical perspective from IIHS. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:113-26.

Williams, A.F. 2001. Barriers and opportunities in reducing motor vehicle injuries. Injury Prevention 7:83-84.

Williams, A.F. 2000. The Haddon matrix: its contribution to injury prevention and control. Proceedings of the Third National Conference on Injury Prevention and Control, 15-16. Queensland, Australia: University of Queensland.

Williams, A.F. 2004. Reflections on the highway safety field. Injury Prevention 10:330-33.

1990s

Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1992. Injury control: what psychologists can contribute. American Psychologist 47:1036-39.

1980s

Haddon, W., Jr. and Baker, S.P. 1981. Injury control. Preventive and Community Medicine, 2nd ed. (eds. D.W. Clark and B. McMahon), 8:109-40. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.

Robertson, L.S. 1986. Injury. Handbook of Prevention (eds. B.A. Edelstein and L. Michelson). New York, NY: Plenum Publishing Corporation.

Williams, A.F. 1982. Passive and active measures for controlling disease and injury: the role of health psychologists. Health Psychology 1:399-409.

1970s

Baker, S.P. 1975. Determinants of injury and opportunities for intervention. American Journal of Epidemiology 101:98-102.

Baker, S.P. 1972. Injury control: accident prevention and other approaches to reduction of injury. Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 10th ed. (ed. P.E. Sartwell), 987-1005. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.

Baker, S.P. and Dietz, P.E. 1979. The epidemiology and prevention of injuries. Management of Trauma, 3rd ed. (eds. W.F. Ballinger, II; R.B. Rutherford and G.D. Zuidema), 28:794-821. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co.

Baker, S.P. and Dietz, P.E. 1979. Injury prevention. Healthy People: The Surgeon General's Report on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, Background Papers, 53-80. Washington, DC: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Baker, S.P. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. Epidemiologia de los accidentes. Tribuna Medica — Revision 5:3-12.

Baker, S.P. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. Reducing injuries and their results: the scientific approach. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly/Health and Society 52:377-89. Edited and reprinted in Preventive Medicine USA, 53-67. New York, NY: Prodist.

Haddon, W., Jr. 1978. Identifying strategies and tactics for injury control. Proceedings of the First Health and Safety Seminar, 33-40. Beckley, WV: National Mine Health and Safety Academy.

Haddon, W., Jr. 1975. Reducing the damage of motor vehicle use. Technology Review 77:2-9. Excerpted in Best's Review 76:14-15.

Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. Strategy in preventive medicine: passive vs. active approaches to reducing human wastage (editorial). Newsletter of the American College of Preventive Medicine 15:3. Reprinted in The Journal of Trauma 14:353-54.

Haddon, W., Jr. 1973. Energy damage and the ten countermeasure strategies. The Journal of Trauma 13:321-31.

Haddon, W., Jr. 1972. A logical framework for categorizing highway safety phenomena and activity. The Journal of Trauma 12:193-207.

Haddon, W., Jr. 1971. Exploring the options. Research Directions Toward the Reduction of Injury in the Young and the Old, 38-59. Bethesda, MD: US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

Haddon, W., Jr. 1970. On the escape of tigers: an ecologic note. Technology Review 72:44-53. Reprinted in American Journal of Public Health 60:2229-34.

O'Neill, B. and Kelley, A.B. 1974. Costs, benefits, effectiveness and safety: setting the record straight. SAE Technical Paper Series 740988. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers. Reprinted in Professional Safety 20:28-34.

Robertson, L.S. 1977. Motor vehicle injuries: causes and amelioration. Public Health Review 6:25-35. Reprinted in ITE Journal 48:16-18.

2000 & later

Arbelaez, R.A.; Brumbelow, M.; Wang, Z. and van Ratingen, M. 2006. A new calibration specification for linear displacement transducers. SAE Technical Paper Series 2006-01-0719. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Avery, M.J.; Zuby, D.S.; Gane, J.W. and Cox, M.C. 2009. GLORIA: Design and development of a calibration jig for H-point machines used for the measurement of head restraint geometry. SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems (V1117-6) 1(1):293-300.

Brumbelow, M.L. and Zuby, D.S. 2007. Measurement error in lateral thoracic deflection and deflection rate due to oblique loading. SAE Technical Paper Series 2007-01-0705. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Mueller, B.C.; Sherwood, C.P.; Arbelaez, R.A.; Zuby, D.S. and Nolan, J.M. 2011. Comparison of Hybrid III and THOR dummies in paired small overlap tests. Stapp Car Crash Journal 55:379-409.

Zuby, D.S.; Nolan, J.M. and Sherwood, C.P. 2001. Effect of Hybrid III leg geometry on upper tibia bending moments. SAE Technical Paper Series 2001-01-0169. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1990s

Parenteau, C.S.; Viano, D.C.; Lovsund, P. and Tingvall, C. 1996. Foot-ankle injuries: influence of crash location, seating position and age. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:607-17.

1980s

Jones, I.S. and Mohan, D. 1984. Head impact tolerance: correlation between dummy impacts and actual head injuries. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1970s

Foust, D.R.; Bowman, B.M. and Snyder, R.G. 1977. Study of human impact tolerance using investigations and simulations of free-falls (SAE 770915). Proceedings of the 21st Stapp Car Crash Conference, 3-51. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1990s

Freedman, M.; Zador, P.L. and Staplin, L.K. 1993. Effects of reduced transmittance film on automobile rear window visibility. Human Factors 35:535-50.

1980s

Jones, I.S.; Stein, H.S. and O'Neill, J.J. 1984. Maryland state police in-use experience with the securiflex windshield — October 1981 to present. SAE Technical Paper Series 840389. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Robertson, L.S. 1981. Automobile safety regulations and death reductions in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 71:818-22.

Robertson, L.S. 1984. Automobile safety regulation: rebuttal and new data. American Journal of Public Health 74:1390-94.

1970s

O'Neill, B.; Kelley, A.B. and Wong, J.C. 1975. Evaluating motor vehicle safety performance standards. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Automotive Safety, 551-60. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Robertson, L.S. 1976. The effects of new-car safety regulation on fatality rates. Best's Review 77:22-24, 79.

Robertson, L.S. 1977. State and federal new-car safety regulation: effects on fatality rates. Accident Analysis and Prevention 9:151-56.

1980s

Baker, S.P. 1982. Injury classification and the international classification of diseases codes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:199-201.

1970s

Baker, S.P. and O'Neill, B. 1976. The injury severity score: an update. The Journal of Trauma 16:882-85.

Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B.; Haddon, W., Jr. and Long, W.B. 1974. The injury severity score: development and potential usefulness. Proceedings of the 18th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 58-74. Lake Bluff, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B.; Haddon, W., Jr. and Long, W.B. 1974. The injury severity score: a method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. The Journal of Trauma 14:187-96.

O'Neill, B.; Zador, P.L. and Baker, S.P. 1979. Indexes of severity: underlying concepts — a reply. Health Services Research 14:68-76.

2000 & later

Braver, E.R.; Solomon, M.G. and Preusser, D.F. 2002. Toll road crashes of commercial and passenger motor vehicles. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:293-303.

Lyman, S. and Braver, E.R. 2003. Occupant deaths in large truck crashes in the United States: 25 years of experience. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:731-39.

1990s

Braver, E.R.; Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. 1996. Major types of fatal crashes between large trucks and cars. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 153-69. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

Braver, E.R.; Zador, P.L.; Thum, D.; Mitter, E.L.; Baum, H.M. and Vilardo, F.J. 1997. Tractor-trailer crashes in Indiana: a case study of the role of truck configuration. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29:79-96.

1980s

Lund, A.K.; Preusser, D.F.; Blomberg, R.D. and Williams, A.F. 1988. Drug use by tractor-trailer drivers. Journal of Forensic Sciences 33:648-61.

Preusser, D.F. and Stein, H.S. 1987. Comparison of passenger vehicle and truck crash rates on toll roads. ITE Journal 57:39-44.

1970s

Baker, S.P. 1976. Reducing deaths and injuries in crashes involving heavy trucks: 10 strategies. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Baker, S.P.; Wong, J.C. and Masemore, W.C. 1975. Fatal tractor trailer crashes: considerations in setting relevant standards. Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Automotive Safety, 25-36. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation.

Karlson, T.A.; Baker, S.P. and Morton, B.F. 1977. Fatally injured truck drivers. Proceedings of the 21st Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 367-78. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

1990s

Baum, H.M.; Esterlitz, J.R.; Zador, P.L. and Penny, M. 1991. Different speed limits for cars and trucks: do they affect vehicle speeds? Transportation Research Record 1318:3-7. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Freedman, M.; Olson, P.L. and Zador, P.L. 1992. Speed actuated rollover advisory signs for trucks on highway exit ramps. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1980s

Esterlitz, J.R. 1989. Relative risk of death from ejection by crash type and crash mode. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21:459-68.

2000 & later

Brumbelow, M.L. 2012. Potential benefits of underride guards in large truck side crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 13:592-99.

Brumbelow, M.L. and Blanar, L. 2010. Evaluation of US rear underride guard regulation for large trucks using real-world crashes. Proceedings of the 54th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 119-31. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1990s

Braver, E.R.; Cammisa, M.X.; Lund, A.K.; Early, N.; Mitter, E.L. and Powell, M.R. 1997. Incidence of large truck-passenger vehicle underride crashes in the Fatal Accident Reporting System and the National Accident Sampling System. Transportation Research Record 1595:27-33. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Braver, E.R.; Mitter, E.L.; Lund, A.K.; Cammisa, M.X.; Powell, M.R. and Early, N. 1998. A photograph-based study of the incidence of fatal truck underride crashes in Indiana. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30:235-43.

1980s

Gloyns, P.F. and Rattenbury, S.J. 1989. Cars in conflict with larger vehicles — the problem of under-run. SAE Technical Paper Series 890746. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Moffatt, C.A.; Wong, J.C. and Zaremba, L.A. 1980. Improved underride protection in moderate speed crashes. Proceedings of the 24th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 257-72. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

1970s

Zaremba, L.A.; Wong, J.C. and Moffatt, C. 1977. Eliminating automobile occupant compartment penetration in moderate speed truck rear underride crashes: a crash test program. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

2000 & later

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Solomon, M.G. 2008. Work schedules of long-distance truck drivers before and after 2004 hours-of-service rule change. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:201-10.

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Solomon, M.G. 2005. Work schedules before and after 2004 hours-of-service rule change and predictors of reported rule violations in 2004: survey of long-distance truck drivers. Proceedings of the 2005 International Truck and Bus Safety and Security Symposium (CD-ROM), 33-45. Itasca, IL: National Safety Council.

1990s

Braver, E.R. and Pantula, J.F. 1998. The sleep of long-haul truck drivers (letter to the editor). New England Journal of Medicine 338:389.

Braver, E.R.; Preusser, C.W.; Preusser, D.F.; Baum, H.M.; Beilock, R. and Ulmer, R.G. 1992. Long hours and fatigue: a survey of tractor-trailer drivers. Journal of Public Health Policy 13:341-66.

Braver, E.R.; Preusser, C.W. and Ulmer, R.G. 1999. How long-haul motor carriers determine truck driver work schedules: the role of shipper demands. Journal of Safety Research 30:193-204.

Hertz, R.P. 1991. Hours of service violations among tractor-trailer drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23:29-36.

1980s

Hertz, R.P. 1988. Tractor-trailer driver fatality: the role of nonconsecutive rest in a sleeper berth. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:431-39.

Jones, I.S. and Stein, H.S. 1987. Effect of driver hours of service on tractor-trailer crash involvement. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1980s

Jones, I.S. 1987. The benefits of energy absorbing structures to reduce the aggressivity of heavy trucks in collisions. Proceedings of the 11th International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, 716-22. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Jones, I.S. 1986. Energy absorbing structures for the fronts of heavy trucks — a theoretical analysis of the benefits. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Jones, I.S. 1984. Truck air brakes — current standards and performance. Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 39-61. Arlington Heights, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Jones, I.S. and Stein, H.S. 1989. Defective equipment and tractor-trailer crash involvement. Accident Analysis and Prevention 21:469-81.

Stein, H.S. and Jones, I.S. 1988. Crash involvement of large trucks by configuration: a case-control study. American Journal of Public Health 78:491-98.

2000 & later

Aylor, D.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Avery, M. and Weeks, A.M. 2007. Corner protection in low-speed crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 2007-01-1760. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Aylor, D.A.; Ramirez, D.L.; Brumbelow, M. and Nolan, J.M. 2005. Limitations of current bumper designs and potential improvements. SAE Technical Paper Series 2005-01-1337. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

McCartt, A.T. and Hellinga, L.A. 2003. Types and extent of damage to passenger vehicles in low-speed front and rear crashes. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Nolan, J.M.; Brumbelow, M.; Zuby, D.S. and Avery, M. 2004. Important considerations in the development of a test to promote stable bumper engagement in low-speed crashes. SAE Technical Paper Series 2004-01-1319. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1980s

Kelley, A.B. 1983. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Subcommittee on Surface Transportation (September 13, 1983). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

O'Neill, B. 1988. Statement before the US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Commerce, Consumer Protection and Competitiveness (June 16, 1988). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

O'Neill, B. 1987. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 6, 1987). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

O'Neill, B. 1985. Statement before the US House of Representatives Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Consumer Protection, and Finance (April 30, 1985). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1970s

Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1976. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Consumer Subcommittee (March 8, 1976). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1974. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (March 28, 1974). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1973. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Commerce and Finance (March 23, 1973). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Haddon, W.H., Jr. 1971. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (May 12, 1971). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Kelley, A.B. 1975. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce (March 14, 1975). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1979. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (March 28, 1979). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1978. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Consumer Subcommittee (March 22, 1978). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Kelley, A.B. and O'Neill, B. 1977. Statement before the US House of Representatives Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Subcommittee on Consumer Protection and Finance (May 6, 1977). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.view/download

2000 & later

McCartt, A.T.; Blanar, L.; Teoh, E.R. and Strouse, L.M. 2011. Overview of motorcycling in the United States: a national telephone survey. Journal of Safety Research 42:177-84.

Teoh, E.R. and Campbell, M. 2010. Role of motorcycle type in fatal motorcycle crashes. Journal of Safety Research 41:507-12.

1990s

Kraus, J.F.; Anderson, C.L.; Hemyari, P.; Zador, P.L. and Sun, G. 1992. Features of fatal- and severe-injury motorcycle crashes according to vehicle design type, California 1985. Journal of Traffic Medicine 20:5-13.

Kraus, J.F.; Anderson, C.L.; Zador, P.L.; Williams, A.F.; Arzemanian, S.; Li, W. and Salatka, M. 1991. Motorcycle licensure, ownership, and injury crash involvement. American Journal of Public Health 81:172-76.

Peek, C.; Braver, E.R.; Shen, H. and Kraus, J.F. 1994. Lower extremity injuries from motorcycle crashes: a common cause of preventable injury. The Journal of Trauma 37:358-64.

Peek-Asa, C. and Kraus, J.F. 1996. Injuries sustained by motorcycle riders in the approaching turn crash configuration. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:561-69.

Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Ulmer, R.G. 1995. Analysis of fatal motorcycle crashes: crash typing. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27:845-51.

1980s

Hartunian, N.S.; Smart, C.N.; Willemain, T.R. and Zador, P.L. 1983. The economics of safety deregulation: lives and dollars lost due to repeal of motorcycle helmet laws. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 8:76-98.

Kraus, J.F.; Arzemanian, S.; Anderson, C.L.; Harrington, S. and Zador, P.L. 1988. Motorcycle design and crash injuries in California, 1985. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 64:788-803.

Mounce, N.H.; Pezoldt, V.J. and Brackett, R.Q. 1989. Motorcycle crashes and compliance with license regulations. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University. Texas Transportation Institute.

1970s

Drysdale, W.F.; Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E. and Riggins, R.S. 1975. Injury patterns in motorcycle collisions. The Journal of Trauma 15:99-115.

Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Johnson, S.L. and Riggins, R.S. 1975. Risk factors in motorcycle collision injuries. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 383-98. Lake Bluff, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Kraus, J.F.; Franti, C.E.; Johnson, S.L. and Riggins, R.S. 1976. Trends in deaths due to motorcycle crashes and risk factors in injury collisions. Accident Analysis and Prevention 8:247-55.

Kraus, J.F.; Riggins, R.S. and Franti, C.E. 1975. Some epidemiologic features of motorcycle collision injuries. American Journal of Epidemiology 102:99-109.

1980s

Bowman, B.M.; Schneider, L.W.; Rohr, P.R. and Mohan, D. 1981. Simulation of head/neck impact responses for helmeted and unhelmeted motorcyclists. Proceedings of the 25th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 13-68. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Kingsbury, H.B.; Moore, C.G. and Rohr, P.R. 1980. The relationships between motorcycle helmet structure and head injury criteria. Advances in Bioengineering (ed. V.C. Mow), 121-24. New York, NY: American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Kingsbury, H.B. and Rohr, P.R. 1981. Structural characteristics of motorcycle helmets. SAE Technical Paper Series 810372. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

2000 & later

Kyrychenko, S.Y. and McCartt, A.T. 2006. Florida's weakened motorcycle helmet law: effects on death rates in motorcycle crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:55-60.

1990s

Kraus, J.F.; Peek, C.; McArthur, D.L. and Williams, A.F. 1994. The effect of the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law on motorcycle crash fatalities and injuries. Journal of the American Medical Association 272:1506-11.

Kraus, J.F.; Peek, C.; Shen, H. and Williams, A.F. 1995. Motorcycle crashes: injuries, rider, crash, and vehicle characteristics associated with helmet use. Journal of Traffic Medicine 23:29-35.

Kraus, J.F.; Peek, C. and Williams, A.F. 1995. Compliance with the 1992 California motorcycle helmet use law. American Journal of Public Health 85:96-99.

Lund, A.K.; Williams, A.F. and Womack, K.N. 1991. Motorcycle helmet use in Texas. Public Health Reports 106:576-78.

Muelleman, R.L.; Mlinek, E.J. and Collicott, P.E. 1992. Motorcycle crash injuries and costs: effect of a reenacted comprehensive helmet use law. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:266-72.

Sarkar, S.; Peek, C. and Kraus, J.F. 1995. Fatal injuries in motorcycle riders according to helmet use. The Journal of Trauma 38:242-45.

1980s

Watson, G.S.; Zador, P.L. and Wilks, A. 1981. Helmet use, helmet use laws, and motorcyclist fatalities. American Journal of Public Health 71:297-300.

Watson, G.S.; Zador, P.L. and Wilks, A. 1980. The repeal of helmet use laws and increased motorcyclist mortality in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 70:579-85.

1970s

Robertson, L.S. 1976. An instance of effective legal regulation: motorcyclist helmet and daytime headlamp laws. Law and Society Review 10:467-77.

Williams, A.F.; Ginsburg, M.J. and Burchman, P.F. 1979. Motorcycle helmet use in relation to legal requirements. Accident Analysis and Prevention 11:271-73.

1980s

Zador, P.L. 1985. Motorcycle headlight-use laws and fatal motorcycle crashes in the US, 1975-83. American Journal of Public Health 75:543-46.

Zador, P.L. 1983. How effective are daytime motorcycle headlight use laws? American Journal of Public Health 73:808.

2000 & later

Braitman, K.A.; Chaudhary, N.K. and McCartt, A.T. 2011. Effect of passenger presence on older drivers' risk of fatal crash involvement. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Braitman, K.A.; Chaudhary, N.K. and McCartt, A.T. 2010. Restricted licensing among older drivers in Iowa. Journal of Safety Research 41:481-86.

Braitman, K.A.; Kirley, B.B.; Chaudhary, N.K. and Ferguson, S.A. 2007. Factors leading to older drivers' intersection crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:267-74.

Braitman, K.A. and McCartt, A.T. 2008. Characteristics of older drivers who self-limit their driving. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (CD-ROM). Barrington, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

Braitman, K.A. and Williams, A.F. 2011. Changes in self-regulatory driving among older drivers over time. Traffic Injury Prevention 12:568-75.

Braver, E.R. and Trempel, R.E. 2004. Are older drivers actually at higher risk of involvement in collisions resulting in deaths or nonfatal injuries among their passengers and other road users? Injury Prevention 10:27-32.

Cheung, I. and McCartt, A.T. 2011. Declines in fatal crashes of older drivers: changes in crash risk and survivability. Accident Analysis and Prevention 43:666-74.

Cheung, I.; McCartt, A.T. and Braitman, K.A. 2008. Exploring the declines in older driver fatal crash involvement. Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine (CD-ROM). Barrington, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

Li, G.; Braver, E.R. and Chen, L-H. 2003. Fragility versus excessive crash involvement as determinants of high death rates per vehicle-mile of travel among older drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:227-35.

Lyman, S.; Ferguson, S.A.; Braver, E.R. 2002 and Williams, A.F. Older driver involvements in police reported crashes and fatal crashes: trends and projections. Injury Prevention 8:116-20.

Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M. and Ferguson, S.A. 2006. Collisions involving senior drivers: high-risk conditions and locations. Traffic Injury Prevention 7:117-24.

McGwin, Jr., G.; McCartt, A.T.; Braitman, K.A. and Owsley, C. 2008. Survey of older drivers' experiences with Florida's mandatory vision re-screening law for licensure. Ophthalmic Epidemiology 15:121-27.

1990s

Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Ulmer, R.G. and Weinstein, H.B. 1998. Fatal crash risk for older drivers at intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30:151-59.

1980s

Fife, D. and Whitfield, R.A. 1988. Historical changes in motor vehicle death rates among the elderly. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:393-98.

2000 & later

Preusser, D.F.; Wells, J.K.; Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. 2002. Pedestrian crashes in Washington, DC and Baltimore. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:703-10.

Williams, A.F. 2013. Protecting pedestrians and bicyclists: some observations and research opportunities. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1990s

Retting, R.A. 1993. A review of fatal injuries to pedestrians induced by urban truck crashes. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 117-28. Des Plaines, IL: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine.

Retting, R.A. 1993. A study of fatal crashes involving pedestrians and trucks in four cities. Journal of Safety Research 24:195-203.

1980s

Williams, A.F. 1981. When motor vehicles hit joggers: an analysis of 60 cases. Public Health Reports 96:448-51.

1970s

Ashton, S.J.; Bimson, S. and Driscoll, C. 1979. Patterns of injury in pedestrian accidents. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 185-202. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Baker, S.P.; Robertson, L.S. and O'Neill, B. 1974. Fatal pedestrian collisions: driver negligence. American Journal of Public Health 64:318-25.

Baker, S.P.; Robertson, L.S. and O'Neill, B. 1973. Drivers involved in fatal pedestrian collisions. Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 115-23. New York, NY: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1970s

Ashton, S.J. 1979. Some factors influencing the injuries sustained by child pedestrians struck by the fronts of cars. Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp Car Crash Conference, 351-80. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Ashton, S.J.; Pedder, J.B. and Mackay, G.M. 1978. Influence of vehicle design on pedestrian leg injuries. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine and the 7th Conference of the International Association for Accident and Traffic Medicine, 2:216-36. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

2000 & later

Retting, R.A. 2003. A review of evidence-based traffic engineering measures to reduce pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health 93:1456-63.

Retting, R.A.; Nitzburg, M.S.; Farmer, C.M. and Knoblauch, R.L. 2002. Field evaluation of two methods for restricting right turn on red to promote pedestrian safety. ITE Journal 72:32-36.

Van Houten, R.; Retting, R.A.; Farmer, C.M. and Van Houten, J. 2000. Field evaluation of a leading pedestrian interval signal phase at three urban intersections. Transportation Research Record 1734:86-92. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

1990s

Retting, R.A. 1999. Traffic engineering approaches to improving pedestrian safety. Transportation Quarterly 53:87-99.

Retting, R.A. and Van Houten, R. 1997. Use of innovative traffic control devices to enhance pedestrian safety. The Pedestrian Resource Book — Campaign to Make America Walkable, 139-52. Washington, DC: Bicycle Federation of America.

Retting, R.A.; Van Houten, R.; Malenfant, J.E.L.; Van Houten, J. and Farmer, C.M. 1996. Special signs and pavement markings improve pedestrian safety. ITE Journal 66:28-35.

Van Houten, R.; Malenfant, J.E.L.; Van Houten, J. and Retting, R.A. 1997. Using auditory pedestrian signals to reduce pedestrian and vehicle conflicts. Transportation Research Record 1578:20-22. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Van Houten, R.; Retting, R.A.; Van Houten, J.; Farmer, C.M. and Malenfant, J.E.L. 1999. Use of animation in LED pedestrian signals to improve pedestrian safety. ITE Journal 69:30-38.

1980s

Preusser, D.F. and Lund, A.K. 1988. And Keep on Looking: A film to reduce pedestrian crashes among 9 to 12 year olds. Journal of Safety Research 19:177-85.

1990s

Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B.; Ginsburg, M.J. and Li, G. 1992. The Injury Fact Book, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Ross, H.L. 1992. Confronting Drunk Driving: Social Policy for Saving Lives. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

1980s

Baker, S.P.; O'Neill, B. and Karpf, R.S 1984. The Injury Fact Book. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co.

Hartunian, N.S.; Smart, C.N. and Thompson, M.S. 1981. The Incidence and Economic Costs of Major Health Impairments: A Comparative Analysis of Cancer, Motor Vehicle Injuries, Coronary Heart Disease and Stroke. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co. Excerpted as 'The incidence and economic costs of cancer, motor vehicle injuries, coronary heart disease and stroke: a comparative analysis' in American Journal of Public Health 70:1249-60.

Robertson, L.S. 1983. Injuries: Causes, Control Strategies, and Public Policy. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co.

Ross, H.L. 1982 (revised 1984). Deterring the Drinking Driver: Legal Policy and Social Control. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co.

1970s

Fitzpatrick, J.F.; Sohn, M.N.; Stilfen, T.E. and Wood, R.H. 1974. The Law and Roadside Hazards. Charlottesville, VA: The Michie Co.

2000 & later

Young drivers: the high-risk years (2002, 16 minutes)

Understanding car crashes: it's basic physics (2000, 22 minutes)

1990s

Advancing vehicle safety: the auto insurers' commitment (revised 1999, 10 minutes)

Kids & airbags (1997, 4-1/2 minutes, in English and Spanish)

Reducing your risks in the crash (1996, 9 minutes, in English and Spanish)

Making safer roads (1995, 12 minutes)

Auto insurers unite to save lives (1994, 11 minutes)

Making the belt law work: a model for the nation (1993, 11 minutes)

Sober thoughts on drinking and driving (1992, 14 minutes)

Helmet laws: whose freedom (1991, 8 minutes)

1980s

Antilock brakes make sense (1987, 11 minutes)

Children in crashes (1986, 8 minutes)

1970s

Children and infants in car crashes (1979, film footage of crash tests without narration)

Underride (1978, 15 minutes)

Cars that crash and burn (1973, 28 minutes)

Boobytrap (1972, 25 minutes)

Small cars and crashes (1972, 22 minutes)

In the crash (1971, 25 minutes)

2000 & later

Chapline, J.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Lillis, R.P.; Lund, A.K. and Williams, A.F. 2000. Neck pain and head restraint position relative to the driver's head in rear-end collisions. Accident Analysis and Prevention Special Issue: Whiplash 32:287-97.

Edwards, M.; Smith, S.; Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 2005. Improved seat and head restraint evaluations. Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Edwards, M.A.; Zuby, D.S. and Nelson, L.A. 2002. Comparison of driver head positions — volunteers versus dummies. Proceedings of the 2002 International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, 359-60. Bron, France: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Impact.

Farmer, C.M.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 2003. Effects of head restraint and seat redesign on neck injury risk in rear-end crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:83-90.

Farmer, C.M.; Zuby, D.S.; Wells, J.K. and Hellinga, L.A. 2008. Relationship of dynamic seat ratings to real-world neck injury rates. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:561-67.

O'Neill, B. 2000. Head restraints — the neglected countermeasure. Accident Analysis and Prevention Special Issue: Whiplash 32:143-50.

1990s

Estep, C.R.; Lund, A.K. and Vann, D.T. 1995. Measurement and evaluation of head restraints in 1995 vehicles. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Farmer, C.M.; Wells, J.K. and Werner, J.V. 1999. Relationship of head restraint positioning to driver neck injury in rear-end crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31:719-28

1970s

O'Neill, B.; Haddon, W., Jr.; Kelley, A.B. and Sorenson, W.W. 1972. Automobile head restraints — frequency of neck injury claims in relation to the presence of head restraints. American Journal of Public Health 62:399-406.

2000 & later

Zuby, D.S. Consumer whiplash ratings – Have they influenced seat designs in helpful ways? 2010. FISITA 2010 World Automotive Congress Proceedings. Budapest, Hungary: Gépipari Tudományos Egyesületet (GTE).

Zuby, D.S. and Avery, M. 2002. BioRID responses and the effect of crash pulse characteristics. IMechE Conference Transactions: International Conference on Vehicle Safety 2002, 207-216. London, UK: Professional Engineering Publishing.

Zuby, D.S.; Locke, G. and Aylor, D. 2010. Seat design characteristics for whiplash mitigation as indicated by tests with BioRID. Whiplash 2010 – Neck Pain in Car Crashes, 3rd International Conference Proceedings. Munich, Germany: TÜV SÜD Akademie GmbH.

Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 2010. Preventing minor neck injuries in rear crashes – forty years of progress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 52:428-33.

1990s

Zuby, D.S.; Vann, D.T.; Lund, A.K. and Morris, C.R. 1999. Crash test evaluation of whiplash injury risk (SAE 99SC17). Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference (P-350), 267-78. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1970s

Foust, D.R.; Chaffin, D.B.; Snyder, R.G. and Baum, J.K. 1973. Cervical range of motion and dynamic response and strength of cervical muscles (SAE 730975). Proceedings of the 17th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 285-308. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Robbins, D.H.; Snyder, R.G.; Chaffin, D.B. and Foust, D.R. 1974. A mathematical study of the effect of neck physical parameters on injury susceptibility. SAE Technical Paper Series 740274. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Schneider, L.W.; Foust, D.R.; Bowman, B.M.; Snyder, R.G.; Chaffin, D.B.; Abdelnour, T.A. and Baum, J.K. 1975. Biomechanical properties of the human neck in lateral flexion (SAE 751156). Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 455-85. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Snyder, R.G.; Chaffin, D.B.; Schneider, L.W.; Foust, D.R.; Bowman, B.M.; Abdelnour, T.A. and Baum, J.K. 1975. Basic biomechanical properties of the human neck related to lateral hyperflexion injury. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Highway Safety Research Center. Edited and reprinted as 'Biomechanical properties of the human neck in lateral flexion' in Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 455-85. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

2000 & later

Cammisa, M.X.; Williams, A.F. and Ferguson, S.A. 2000. Self-reported seat belt use in four countries: a telephone survey. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 2:103-10.

Farmer, C.M. and Wells, J.K. 2010. Effect of enhanced seat belt reminders on driver fatality risk. Journal of Safety Research 41:53-57.

Kidd, D.G. 2012. Response of part-time belt users to enhanced seat belt reminder systems of different duty cycles and duration. Transportation Research Part F 15:525-34.

Kidd, D.G. and McCartt, A.T. 2013. Drivers' attitudes toward front or rear child passenger belt use and seat belt reminders at these seating positions. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Kidd, D.G.; McCartt, A.T.; Oesch, N.J. 2013. Attitudes toward seat belt use and in-vehicle technologies for encouraging belt use. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Wells, J.K.; Williams, A.F. and Farmer, C.M. 2002. Seat belt use among African Americans, Hispanics, and whites. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:523-29.

Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 2003. Drivers' assessment of Ford's belt reminder system. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:358-62.

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Farmer, C.M. 2002. Effectiveness of Ford's belt reminder system in increasing seat belt use. Injury Prevention 8:293-96.

1990s

Ferguson, S.A.; Wells, J.K.; Williams, A.F. and Feldman, A.F. 1999. Seat belt use rates among taxicab drivers in a jurisdiction with license points for nonuse. Journal of Safety Research 30:87-91.

Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1991. Characteristics of belted and unbelted drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 23:475-82.

Reinfurt, D.W.; Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Rodgman, E. 1996. Characteristics of drivers not using seat belts in a high belt use state. Journal of Safety Research 27:209-15.

Wells, J.K. and Williams, A.F. 1993. Seat belt use in air-bag-equipped cars: 1986-92 models. Journal of Safety Research 24:73-76.

Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Evaluation of a program to increase belt use on the New York Thruway. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Seat belt use in cars with air bags. American Journal of Public Health 80:1514-16.

1980s

Ciccone, M.A. and Wells, J.K. 1988. Improper shoulder belt use by Maryland drivers. Human Factors 30:359-66.

Lund, A.K. 1986. Voluntary seat belt use among US drivers: geographic, socioeconomic, and demographic variation. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18:43-50.

O'Neill, B.; Williams, A.F. and Karpf, R.S. 1983. Passenger car size and driver seat belt use. American Journal of Public Health 73:588-90.

Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1986. Seat belt use among New York bar patrons. Journal of Public Health Policy 7:470-79.

1970s

Robertson, L.S. 1975. Safety belt use in automobiles with starter-interlock and buzzer-light reminder systems. American Journal of Public Health 65:1319-25.

Robertson, L.S. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. The buzzer-light reminder system and safety belt use. American Journal of Public Health 64:814-15.

Robertson, L.S.; O'Neill, B. and Wixom, C.W. 1972. Factors associated with observed safety belt use. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 13:18-24.

1970s

Robertson, L.S. 1977. Auto industry belt use campaign fails. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Robertson, L.S. 1976. The great seat belt campaign flop. Journal of Communication 26:41-45.

Robertson, L.S.; Kelley, A.B.; O'Neill, B.; Wixom, C.W.; Eiswirth, R.S. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. A controlled study of the effect of television messages on safety belt use. American Journal of Public Health 64:1071-80.

2000 & later

Farmer, C.M. and Williams, A.F. 2005. Effect on fatality risk of changing from secondary to primary seat belt enforcement. Journal of Safety Research 36:189-94.

Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 2004. The role of enforcement programs in increasing seat belt use. Journal of Safety Research 35:175-80.

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K.; McCartt, A.T. and Preusser, D.F. 2000. 'Buckle up now:' an enforcement program to achieve high belt use. Journal of Safety Research 31:195-201.

1990s

Lestina, D.C.; Williams, A.F.; Lund, A.K.; Zador, P.L. and Kuhlmann, T.P. 1991. Motor vehicle crash injury patterns and the Virginia seat belt law. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1409-13.

Malenfant, J.E.L.; Wells, J.K.; Van Houten, R. and Williams, A.F. 1996. The use of feedback signs to increase observed daytime seat belt use in two cities in North Carolina. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:771-77.

Williams, A.F.; Hall, W.L.; Tolbert, W.G. and Wells, J.K. 1994. Development and evaluation of pilot programs to increase seat belt use in North Carolina. Journal of Safety Research 25:167-75.

Williams, A.F.; Reinfurt, D.W. and Wells, J.K. 1996. Increasing seat belt use in North Carolina. Journal of Safety Research 27:33-41.

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Reinfurt, D.W. 1997. Characteristics and opinions of North Carolina residents cited for not using seat belts. Journal of Traffic Medicine 25:71-76.

1980s

Hakkert, A.S.; Zaidel, D.M. and Sarelle, E. 1981. Patterns of safety belt usage following introduction of a safety belt wearing law. Accident Analysis and Prevention 13:65-82.

Hingson, R.; Levenson, S.M.; Heeren, T.; Mangione, T.; Rodgers, C.; Schiavonne, T. and Hertz, R.P. 1988. Repeal of the Massachusetts seat belt law. American Journal of Public Health 78:548-52.

Lund, A.K.; Pollner, J. and Williams, A.F. 1987. Preliminary estimates of the effects of mandatory seat belt use laws. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19:219-23.

Lund, A.K.; Stuster, J. and Fleming, A. 1989. Special publicity and enforcement of California's belt use law: making a 'secondary' law work. Journal of Criminal Justice 17:329-41.

Lund, A.K.; Zador, P.L. and Pollner, J. 1987. Motor vehicle occupant fatalities in four states with seat belt use laws. SAE Technical Paper Series 870224. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

O'Neill, B. 1988. Seat belt use laws in the United States: trends and prospects. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 64:729-41.

Preusser, D.F.; Lund, A.K.; Williams, A.F. and Blomberg, R.D. 1988. Belt use by high-risk drivers before and after New York's seat belt use law. Accident Analysis and Prevention 20:245-50.

Wells, J.K.; Williams, A.F. and Fields, M. 1989. Coverage gaps in seat belt use laws. American Journal of Public Health 79:332-33.

Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1988. Mandatory seat belt use laws and occupant crash protection in the United States: present status and future prospects. Preventing Automobile Injury (ed. J.D. Graham), 3:51-72. Dover, MA: Auburn House Publishing Co.

Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1986. Seat belt use laws and occupant crash protection in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 76:1438-42.

Williams, A.F.; Lund, A.K.; Preusser, D.F. and Blomberg, R.D. 1987. Results of a seat belt use law enforcement and publicity campaign in Elmira, New York. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19:243-49.

Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F.; Blomberg, R.D. and Lund, A.K. 1987. Seat belt use law enforcement and publicity in Elmira, New York: a reminder campaign. American Journal of Public Health 77:1450-51.

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1987. Shoulder belt use in four states with belt use laws. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19:251-60.

1970s

Foldvary, L.A. and Lane, J.C. 1974. The effectiveness of compulsory wearing of seat-belts in casualty reduction. Accident Analysis and Prevention 6:59-81.

Foldvary, L.A. and Lane, J.C. 1972. Seat belts for Victoria (letter to the editor). The Medical Journal of Australia 1:1054-55.

Robertson, L.S. 1978. Automobile seat belt use in selected countries, states and provinces with and without laws requiring belt use. Accident Analysis and Prevention 10:5-10.

Robertson, L.S. 1978. The seat belt use law in Ontario: effects on actual use. Canadian Journal of Public Health 69:154-57.

Williams, A.F. and Robertson, L.S. 1979. Observed daytime seat-belt use in Vancouver before and after the British Columbia belt-use law. Canadian Journal of Public Health 70:329-32.

2000 & later

Arbelaez, R.A.; Baker, B.C. and Nolan, J.M. 2005. Delta Vs for IIHS side impact crash tests and their relationship to real-world crash severity. Proceedings of the 19th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Arbelaez, R.A.; Dakin, G.J.; Nolan, J.M.; Dalmotas, D.J. and Tylko, S. 2002. IIHS side impact barrier — development and crash test experience. IMechE Conference Transactions: International Conference on Vehicle Safety 2002, 73-88. London, UK: Professional Engineering Publishing.

Arbelaez, R.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Dakin, G.J. and Lund, A.K. 2002. Comparison of EuroSID-2 and SID-IIs in vehicle side impact tests with the IIHS barrier. Stapp Car Crash Journal 46:397-415. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Braver, E.R. and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2004. Efficacy of side air bags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side collisions. American Journal of Epidemiology 159:556-64.

Dakin, G.J.; Arbelaez, R.A.; Nolan, J.M.; Zuby, D.S. and Lund, A.K. 2003. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety side impact crashworthiness evaluation program: impact configuration and rationale. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

McCartt, A.T. and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2007. Efficacy of side airbags in reducing driver deaths in driver-side car and SUV collisions. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:162-70.

Rattenbury, S.J.; Gloyns, P.F. and Nolan, J.M. 2001. Vehicle deformation in real-world side impact crashes and regulatory crash tests. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Teoh, E.R. and Lund, A.K. 2011. IIHS side crash test ratings and occupant death risk in real-world crashes. Traffic Injury Prevention 12:500-07.

1990s

Lestina, D.C.; Gloyns, P.F. and Rattenbury, S.J. 1991. Fatally injured occupants in side impact crashes. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, 1:701-07. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

1980s

Viano, D.C.; Patel, M. and Ciccone, M.A. 1989. Patterns of arm position during normal driving. Human Factors 31:715-20.

1970s

Bowman, B.M.; Schneider, L.W. and Foust D.R. 1975. Simulated occupant response to side-impact collisions (SAE 751155). Proceedings of the 19th Stapp Car Crash Conference, 429-54. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1990s

Baum, H.M.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1991. The fatality consequences of the 65 mph speed limits, 1989. Journal of Safety Research 22:171-77.

Baum, H.M.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Motor vehicle crash fatalities in the second year of 65 mph speed limits. Journal of Safety Research 21:1-8.

Farmer, C.M.; Retting, R.A. and Lund, A.K. 1999. Changes in motor vehicle occupant fatalities after repeal of the national maximum speed limit. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31:537-43.

1980s

Baum, H.M.; Lund, A.K. and Wells, J.K. 1989. The mortality consequences of raising the speed limit to 65 mph on rural interstates. American Journal of Public Health 79:1392-95.

1970s

Zaremba, L.A. and Ginsburg, M.J. 1977. The 55 mph limits and front-to-rear collisions involving autos and large trucks. Accident Analysis and Prevention 9:303-14.

2000 & later

Retting, R.A. and Teoh, E.R. 2008. Traffic speeds on interstates and freeways 10 years after repeal of national maximum speed limit. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:119-24.

Williams, A.F.; Kyrychenko, S.Y. and Retting, R.A. 2006. Characteristics of speeders. Journal of Safety Research 37:227-32.

1990s

Casey, S.M. and Lund, A.K. 1993. The effects of mobile roadside speedometers on traffic speeds. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:627-34.

Casey, S.M. and Lund, A.K. 1992. Changes in speed and speed adaptation following increase in national maximum speed limit. Journal of Safety Research 23:135-46.

Freedman, M. and Williams, A.F. 1992. Speeds associated with 55-mph and 65-mph speed limits in northeastern states. ITE Journal 62:17-21.

Retting, R.A. and Farmer, C.M. 1998. Use of pavement markings to reduce excessive traffic speeds on hazardous curves. ITE Journal 68:30-36.

Retting, R.A. and Greene, M.A. 1997. Traffic speeds following repeal of the national maximum speed limit. ITE Journal 67:42-46.

Teed, N.J. and Lund, A.K. 1993. The effect of laser speed-measuring devices on speed limit law enforcement in Charleston, South Carolina. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:459-63.

1980s

Casey, S.M. and Lund, A.K. 1987. Three field studies of driver speed adaptation. Human Factors 29:541-50.

1990s

Freedman, M.; Teed, N. and Migletz, J. 1994. Effect of radar drone operation on speeds at high crash risk locations. Transportation Research Record 1464:69-80. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Teed, N.J.; Lund, A.K. and Knoblauch, R. 1993. The duration of speed reductions attributable to radar detectors. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:131-37.

1980s

Ciccone, M.A.; Goodson, M. and Pollner, J. 1987. Radar detectors and speeds in Maryland and Virginia. Journal of Police Science and Administration 15:277-84.

2000 & later

Delaney, A.; Ward, H.; Cameron, M. and Williams, A.F. 2005. Controversies and speed cameras: lessons learnt internationally. Journal of Public Health Policy 26:404-15.

Retting, R.A. 2003. Speed cameras — public perceptions in the US. Traffic Engineering and Control 44:100-01.

Retting, R.A. and Cheung, I. 2008. Traffic speeds associated with implementation of 80 mph speed limits on west Texas rural interstates. Journal of Safety Research 39:529-34.

Retting, R.A. and Farmer, C.M. 2003. Evaluation of speed camera enforcement in the District of Columbia. Transportation Research Record 1830:34-37. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Retting, R.A.; Farmer, C.M. and McCartt, A.T. 2008. Evaluation of automated speed enforcement in Montgomery County, Maryland. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:440-45.

Retting, R.A.; Kyrychenko, S.Y. and McCartt, A.T. 2008. Evaluation of automated speed enforcement on Loop 101 freeway in Scottsdale, Arizona. Accident Analysis and Prevention 4:1506-12.

1990s

Freedman, M.; Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1990. Public opinion regarding photo radar. Transportation Research Record 1270:59-65. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

2000 & later

Braitman, K.A.; Kirley, B.B.; McCartt, A.T. and Chaudhary, N.K. 2008. Crashes of novice teenage drivers: characteristics and contributing factors. Journal of Safety Research 39:47-54.

Chen, L-H.; Baker, S.P.; Braver, E.R. and Li, G. 2000. Carrying passengers as a risk factor for crashes fatal to 16- and 17-year-old drivers. Journal of the American Medical Association 283:1578-82.

Ferguson, S.A.; Teoh, E.R. and McCartt, A.T. 2007. Progress in teenage crash risk during the last decade. Journal of Safety Research 38:137-45.

Ferguson, S.A.; Williams, A.F.; Chapline, J.F.; Reinfurt, D.W. and De Leonardis, D.M. 2001. Relationship of parent driving records to the driving records of their children. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33:229-34.

Hellinga, L.A.; McCartt, A.T. and Mandavilli, S. 2007. Temporal patterns of crashes of 16-17-year-old drivers in Fairfax County, Virginia. Traffic Injury Prevention 8:377-81.

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety and Traffic Injury Research Foundation. 2004. Graduated licensing: a blueprint for North America. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

McCartt, A.T.; Shabanova, V.I. and Leaf, W.A. 2003. Driving experience, crashes, and traffic citations of teenage beginning drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:311-20.

Preusser, D.F.; Leaf, W.A.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 2000. Variations in teenage activities with and without a driver's license. Journal of Public Health Policy 21:224-39

Williams, A.F. 2003. Sixteen-year-old drivers in fatal crashes in 2002. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Williams, A.F. 2003. Teenage drivers: patterns of risk. Journal of Safety Research 34:5-15.

Williams, A.F. 2001. Teenage passengers in motor vehicle crashes: a summary of current research. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety.

Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and McCartt, A.T. 2007. Passenger effects on teenage driving and opportunities for reducing the risks of such travel. Journal of Safety Research 38:381-90.

Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Wells, J.K. 2005. Sixteen-year-old drivers in fatal crashes, United States, 2003. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:202-06

Williams, A.F. and Shabanova, V.I. 2003. Responsibility of drivers, by age and gender, for motor vehicle crash deaths. Journal of Safety Research 34:527-31.

Williams, A.F. and Tison, J. 2012. Motor vehicle fatal crash profiles of 13-15-year-olds. Journal of Safety Research, in press. view/download

1990s

Cammisa, M.X.; Williams, A.F. and Leaf, W.A. 1999. Vehicles driven by teenagers in four states. Journal of Safety Research 30:25-30.

Preusser, D.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1998. The effect of teenage passengers on the fatal crash risk of teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 30:217-22.

Ulmer, R.G.; Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. 1997. Crash involvements of 16-year-old drivers. Journal of Safety Research 28:97-103.

Williams, A.F. 1996. Magnitude and characteristics of the young driver crash problem in the United States. New to the Road: Reducing the Risks for Young Motorists, Proceedings of the First Annual International Symposium of the Youth Enhancement Service (ed. H.M. Simpson), 19-25. Los Angeles, CA: University of California.

Williams, A.F. 1998. Risky driving behavior among adolescents. New Perspectives on Adolescent Risk Behavior (ed. R. Jessor), 221-37. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F. and Ferguson, S.A. 1998. Fatal crashes involving 16-year-old drivers: narrative descriptions. Journal of Traffic Medicine 26:11-17.

Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Ulmer, R.G. 1997. Analysis of the fatal crash involvements of 15-year-old drivers. Journal of Safety Research 28:49-54.

Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F.; Ulmer, R.G. and Weinstein, H.B. 1995. Characteristics of fatal crashes of 16- year-old drivers: implications for licensure policies. Journal of Public Health Policy 16:347-60.

Williams, A.F. and Wells, J.K. 1995. Deaths of teenagers as motor-vehicle passengers. Journal of Safety Research 26:161-67.

1980s

Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F.; Lund, A.K. and Rasmussen, S.J. 1987. Cars owned and driven by teenagers. Transportation Quarterly 41:177-88.

2000 & later

Chaudhary, N.K.; Ferguson, S.A. and Herbel, S.B. 2004. Tennessee's novice driver safety project: a program to increase parental involvement. Traffic Injury Prevention 5:356-61.

Chen, L-H.; Braver, E.R.; Baker, S.P. and Li, G. 2001. Potential benefits of restrictions on the transport of teenage passengers by 16- and 17-year-old drivers. Injury Prevention 7:129-34.

Ferguson, S.A. 2003. Other high-risk factors for young drivers — how graduated licensing does, doesn't, or could address them. Journal of Safety Research 34:71-77.

Ferguson, S.A.; Williams, A.F.; Leaf, W.A.; Preusser, D.F. and Farmer, C.M. 2001. Views of parents of teenagers about graduated licensing after experience with the laws. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 2:221-27.

Goodwin, A.H. and Foss, R.D. 2004. Graduated driver licensing restrictions: awareness, compliance, and enforcement in North Carolina. Journal of Safety Research 35:367-74.

Goodwin, A.H.; Wells, J.K.; Foss, R.D. and Williams, A.F. 2006. Encouraging compliance with graduated driver licensing restrictions. Journal of Safety Research 37:343-51.

Hellinga, L.A.; McCartt, A.T. and Haire, E.R. 2007. Choice of teenagers' vehicles and views on vehicle safety: survey of parents of novice teenage drivers. Journal of Safety Research 38:707-13.

Mayhew, D.R.; Fields, M. and Simpson, H.M. 2000. Why 16? Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M.; des Groseilliers, M. and Williams, A.F. 2001. Impact of the graduated licensing program in Nova Scotia. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control 2:179-92.

Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M. and Pak, A. 2003. Changes in collision rates among novice drivers during the first months of driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention 35:683-91.

Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M.; Williams, A.F. and Desmond, K. 2003. Specific and long-term effects of Nova Scotia's graduated licensing program. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:91-97.

McCartt, A.T.; Hellinga, L.A. and Haire, E.R. 2007. Age of licensure and monitoring teenagers' driving: survey of parents of novice teenage drivers. Journal of Safety Research 38:697-706.

McCartt, A.T.; Leaf, W.A.; Farmer, C.M.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 2001. Effect of Florida's graduated licensing program on the behaviors and attitudes of teenagers. Journal of Safety Research 32:119-31.

McCartt, A.T.; Mayhew, D.R.; Braitman, K.A.; Ferguson, S.A. and Simpson, H.M. 2009. Effects of age and experience on young driver crashes: review of recent literature. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:209-19.

McCartt, A.T.; Oesch, N.J.; Williams, A.F. and Powell, T.C. 2013. New Jersey's license plate decal requirement for graduated driver licenses: attitudes of parents and teenagers, observed decal use, and citations for teenage driving violations. Traffic Injury Prevention 14:244-58.

McCartt, A.T. and Teoh, E.R. 2011. Strengthening driver licensing systems for teenaged drivers (editorial). Journal of the American Medical Association 306:1098-03.

McCartt, A.T.; Teoh, E.R.; Fields, M.; Braitman, K.A. and Hellinga, L.A. 2010. Graduated licensing laws and fatal crashes of teenage drivers: a national study. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:240-48.

Trempel, R.E. 2009. Graduated driver licensing laws and insurance collision claim frequencies of teenage drivers. Arlington, VA: Highway Loss Data Institute. view/download

Ulmer, R.G.; Ferguson, S.A.; Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. 2001. Teenage crash reduction associated with delayed licensure in Connecticut. Journal of Safety Research 32:31-41.

Ulmer, R.G.; Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Farmer, C.M. 2000. Effect of Florida's graduated licensing program on the crash rate of teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 32:527-32.

Williams, A.F. 2003. Graduated licensing in the United States. ITE Journal 73:28-30.

Williams, A.F. 2005. Next steps for graduated licensing. Traffic Injury Prevention 6:199-201.

Williams, A.F. 2005. The fall and rise of graduated licensing in North America. Transportation Research E-Circular E-C072:153-60. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Williams, A.F. 2008. Licensing age and teenage driver crashes: a review of the evidence. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:9-15.

Williams, A.F.; Braitman, K.A. and McCartt, A.T. 2011. Views of parents of teenagers about licensing policies: a national survey. Traffic Injury Prevention 12:1-8.

Williams, A.F. and Ferguson, S.A. 2002. Rationale for graduated licensing and the risks it should address. Injury Prevention 8:ii9-ii16.

Williams, A.F.; McCartt, A.T.; Mayhew, D.R. and Watson, B. 2013. Licensing age issues: deliberations from a workshop devoted to this topic. Traffic Injury Prevention 14:237-243.

Williams, A.F.; Nelson, L.A. and Leaf, W.A. 2002. Responses of teenagers and their parents to California's graduated licensing system. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:835-42.

Zwicker, T.J.; Williams, A.F.; Chaudhary, N.K. and Farmer, C.M. 2006. Evaluation of California's graduated licensing system. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

1990s

Ferguson, S.A.; Leaf, W.A.; Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. 1996. Differences in young driver crash involvement in states with varying licensure practices. Accident Analysis and Prevention 28:171-80.

Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1998. Graduated licensing in Nova Scotia: a survey of teenagers and parents. Journal of Traffic Medicine 26:37-44.

Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1999. Graduated licensing in Ontario: a survey of parents. Journal of Traffic Medicine 27:71-80.

Preusser, D.F.; Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. 1999. The effects of learner's permit requirements in Tennessee. Journal of Safety Research 30:211-17.

Preusser, D.F.; Zador, P.L. and Williams, A.F. 1993. The effect of city curfew ordinances on teenage motor vehicle fatalities. Accident Analysis and Prevention 25:641-45.

Williams, A.F. 1999. Graduated licensing comes to the United States. Injury Prevention 5:133-35.

Williams, A.F.; Ferguson, S.A.; Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. 1998. Views of parents of teenagers about graduated licensing systems. Journal of Safety Research 29:1-7.

Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. 1997. Night driving restrictions for youthful drivers: a literature review and commentary. Journal of Public Health Policy 18:334-45.

Williams, A.F.; Weinberg, K.; Fields, M. and Ferguson, S.A. 1996. Current requirements for getting a drivers license in the United States. Journal of Safety Research 27:93-101.

1980s

Lund, A.K.; Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. 1987. Licensing decisions of teenagers. Alcohol, Drugs, and Driving 3:93-105.

Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F.; Zador, P.L. and Blomberg, R.D. 1984. The effect of curfew laws on motor vehicle crashes. Law and Policy 6:115-28.

Williams, A.F.; Karpf, R.S. and Zador, P.L. 1983. Variations in minimum licensing age and fatal motor vehicle crashes. American Journal of Public Health 73:1401-02.

Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F. and Lund, A.K. 1984. High school students' views of laws restricting teenage driving. Journal of Public Health Policy 5:387-95.

2000 & later

Farmer, C.M.; Kirley, B.B. and McCartt, A.T. 2010. In-vehicle monitoring and the driving behavior of teenagers. Journal of Safety Research 41:39-45.

McCartt, A.T.; Farmer, C.M. and Jenness, J.W. 2010. Perceptions and experiences of participants in a study of in-vehicle monitoring of teenage drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention 11:361-70.

2000 & later

Williams, A.F. and Ferguson, S.A. 2004. Driver education renaissance? Injury Prevention 10:4-7.

1990s

Mayhew, D.R.; Simpson, H.M.; Williams, A.F. and Ferguson, S.A. 1998. Effectiveness and role of driver education and training in a graduated licensing system. Journal of Public Health Policy 19:51-67.

1980s

Lund, A.K.; Williams, A.F. and Zador, P.L. 1986. High school driver education: further evaluation of the DeKalb County study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 18:349-57.

Robertson, L.S. 1980. Crash involvement of teenaged drivers when driver education is eliminated from high school. American Journal of Public Health 70:599-603.

1970s

Robertson, L.S. and Zador, P.L. 1978. Driver education and fatal crash involvement of teenaged drivers. American Journal of Public Health 68:959-65.

2000 & later

McCartt, A.T.; Geary, L.L. and Solomon, M.G. 2005. Requiring belt use as part of a school parking permit program: Does it increase students' belt use? Traffic Injury Prevention 6:120-26.

Williams, A.F.; McCartt, A.T. and Geary, L. 2003. Seatbelt use by high school students. Injury Prevention 9:25-28.

Williams, A.F. and Shabanova, V.I. 2002. Situational factors in seat belt use by teenage drivers and passengers. Traffic Injury Prevention 3:201-04.

1980s

Preusser, D.F.; Williams, A.F. and Lund, A.K. 1987. The effect of New York's seat belt use law on teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention 19:73-80.

Williams, A.F.; Wells, J.K. and Lund, A.K. 1983. Voluntary seat belt use among high school students. Accident Analysis and Prevention 15:161-65.

2000 & later

McCartt, A.T.; Shabanova Northrup, V. and Retting, R.A. 2004. Types and characteristics of ramp-related motor vehicle crashes on urban interstate roadways in Northern Virginia. Journal of Safety Research 35:107-14.

Retting, R.A.; Williams, J. and Schwartz, S.I. 2000. Motor vehicle crashes on bridges and countermeasure opportunities. Journal of Safety Research 31:203-10.

2000 & later

Retting, R.A.; McGee, H.W. and Farmer, C.M. 2000. Influence of experimental pavement markings on urban freeway exit-ramp traffic speeds. Transportation Research Record 1705:116-21. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Retting, R.A. and Van Houten, R. 2000. Safety benefits of advance stop lines at signalized intersections: results of a field evaluation. ITE Journal 70:47-49, 54.

1980s

Wright, P.H. and Zador, P.L. 1983. Survivability of reflectorized pavement markers. ITE Journal 53:21-22.

Zador, P.L.; Stein, H.S.; Wright, P.H. and Hall, J.W. 1987. Effects of chevrons, post-mounted delineators, and raised pavement markers on driver behavior at roadway curves. Transportation Research Record 1114:1-10. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Zador, P.L.; Wright, P.H. and Karpf, R.S. 1982. Effect of pavement markers on nighttime crashes in Georgia. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

2000 & later

Persaud, B.N.; Retting, R.A. and Lyon, C. 2004. Crash reduction following installation of centerline rumble strips on rural two-lane roads. Accident Analysis and Prevention 36:1073-79.

1980s

Hall, J.W. and Zador, P.L. 1982. Survey of single-vehicle fatal rollover crash sites in New Mexico. Transportation Research Record 819:1-8. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Wright, P.H. and Zador, P.L. 1982. Study of fatal rollover crashes in Georgia. Transportation Research Record 819:8-17. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Zador, P.L.; Stein, H.S.; Hall, J.W. and Wright, P.H. 1987. Relationships between vertical and horizontal roadway alignments and the incidence of fatal rollover crashes in New Mexico and Georgia. Transportation Research Record 1111:27-42. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Zador, P.L.; Stein, H.S.; Hall, J.W. and Wright, P.H. 1985. Superelevation and roadway geometry: deficiency at crash sites and on grades (abridgement). Transportation Research Record 1026:43-50. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

2000 & later

Retting, R.A.; Farmer, C.M.; Ferguson, S.A. and Weinstein, H.B. 2006. Reducing urban arterial intersection crashes through crash typing analysis: a case study. ITE Journal 76:18-23.

Retting, R.A.; Weinstein, H.B. and Solomon, M.G. 2003. Analysis of motor-vehicle crashes at stop signs in four US cities. Journal of Safety Research 34:485-89.

Retting, R.A.; Weinstein, H.B.; Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. 2001. A simple method for identifying and correcting crash problems on urban arterial streets. Accident Analysis and Prevention 33:723-34.

1990s

Retting, R.A. 1996. Urban motor vehicle crashes and potential countermeasures. Transportation Quarterly 50:19-31.

Retting, R.A.; Williams, A.F.; Preusser, D.F. and Weinstein, H.B. 1995. Classifying urban crashes for countermeasure development. Accident Analysis and Prevention 27:283-94.

2000 & later

Carlson, P.J. and Retting, R.A. 2000. Evaluation of traffic signs used to inform drivers of red light camera enforcement. 2001 ITE Annual Meeting and Exhibit Compendium of Papers (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: Institute of Transportation Engineers.

Fields, M. 2008. Stop for the camera — study shows automated enforcement does work, and it is legal. Transportation Management & Engineering 13(3):9-11.

Hu, W. 2010. Comment on "Isaac Newton vs. Red Light Cameras: Derivation of the Yellow Light Interval Equation" by Brian Ceccarelli. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Hu, W.; McCartt, A.T. and Teoh, E.R. 2011. Effects of red light camera enforcement on fatal crashes in large U.S. cities. Journal of Safety Research 42:277-82.

Kyrychenko, S.Y. and Retting, R.A. 2004. Review of "A detailed investigation of crash risk reduction resulting from red light cameras in small urban areas" by M. Burkey and K. Obeng. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Lund, A.K.; Kyrychenko, S.Y. and Retting, R.A. 2009. Caution: A comment on Alena Erke's red light for red-light cameras? A meta-analysis of the effects of red-light cameras on crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention 41:895-96.

McCartt, A.T. and Eichelberger, A.H. 2012. Attitudes toward red light camera enforcement in cities with camera programs. Traffic Injury Prevention 13:14-23.

McCartt, Anne T. and Hu, Wen. 2013. Effects of red light camera enforcement on red light violations in Arlington County, Virginia. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Persaud, B.N.; Retting, R.A.; Lyon, C. and McCartt, A.T. 2008. Review of "The Impact of Red Light Cameras (Photo-Red Enforcement) on Crashes in Virginia" by Nicholas J. Garber, John S. Miller, R. Elizabeth Abel, Saeed Eslambolchi, and Santhosh K. Korukonda. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Retting, R.A. 2006. Establishing a uniform definition of red light running crashes. ITE Journal 76:20-22.

Retting, R.A.; Chapline, J.F. and Williams, A.F. 2002. Changes in crash risk following re-timing of traffic signal change intervals. Accident Analysis and Prevention 34:215-20.

Retting, R.A.; Ferguson, S.A. and Farmer, C.M. 2008. Reducing red light running through longer yellow signal timing and red light camera enforcement: results of a field investigation. Accident Analysis and Prevention 40:327-33.

Retting, R.A.; Ferguson, S.A. and Hakkert, A.S. 2003. Effects of red light cameras on violations and crashes: a review of the international literature. Traffic Injury Prevention 4:17-23.

Retting, R.A. and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2002. Reductions in injury crashes associated with red light camera enforcement in Oxnard, California. American Journal of Public Health 92:1822-25.

Retting, R.A. and Williams, A.F. 2000. Red light cameras and the perceived risk of being ticketed. Traffic Engineering and Control 41:224-25, 227.

1990s

Persaud, B.N.; Hauer, E.J.; Retting, R.A.; Vallurupalli, R. and Mucsi, K. 1997. Crash reductions related to traffic signal removal in Philadelphia. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29:803-10.

Retting, R.A. and Greene, M.A. 1997. Influence of traffic signal timing on red light running and potential vehicle conflicts at urban intersections. Transportation Research Record 1595:1-7. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Retting, R.A.; Ulmer, R.G. and Williams, A.F. 1999. Prevalence and characteristics of red light running crashes in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31:687-94.

Retting, R.A. and Williams, A.F. 1997. Red light running and photo enforcement. The Police Chief 64:28-29, 32-33.

Retting, R.A. and Williams, A.F. 1996. Characteristics of red light violators: results of a field investigation. Journal of Safety Research 27:9-15.

Retting, R.A.; Williams, A.F.; Farmer, C.M. and Feldman, A.F. 1999. Evaluation of red-light camera enforcement in Fairfax, Va., USA. ITE Journal 69:30-34.

Retting, R.A.; Williams, A.F.; Farmer, C.M. and Feldman, A.F. 1999. Evaluation of red light camera enforcement in Oxnard, California. Accident Analysis and Prevention 31:169-74.

Retting, R.A.; Williams, A.F. and Greene, M.A. 1998. Red light running and sensible countermeasures: summary of research findings. Transportation Research Record 1640:23-26. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

1980s

Stein, H.S. 1986. Traffic signal change intervals: policies, practices, and safety. Transportation Quarterly 40:433-45.

Stimpson, W.A.; Zador, P.L. and Tarnoff, P.J. 1980. The influence of the time duration of yellow traffic signals on driver response. ITE Journal 50:22-29.

Zador, P.L. 1984. Right-turn-on-red laws and motor vehicle crashes: a review of the literature. Accident Analysis and Prevention 16:241-45.

Zador, P.L.; Moshman, J. and Marcus, L. 1982. Adoption of right turn on red: effects on crashes at signalized intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention 14:219-34.

Zador, P.L.; Stein, H.S.; Shapiro, S. and Tarnoff, P.J. 1985. Effect of signal timing on traffic flow and crashes at signalized intersections. Transportation Research Record 1010:1-8. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

2000 & later

Bergh, C.; Retting, R.A. and Myers, E. 2005. Continued reliance on traffic signals: the cost of missed opportunities to improve traffic flow and safety at urban intersections. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Hu, W.; McCartt, A.T.; Jermakian, J.S.; Mandavilli, S. 2013. Public opinion, traffic performance, the environment, and safety after the construction of double-lane roundabouts. Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Mandavilli, S.; Retting, R.A. and McCartt, A.T. 2008. Crash patterns and potential engineering countermeasures at Maryland roundabouts. Traffic Injury Prevention 10:44-50.

Persaud, B.N.; Retting, R.A.; Garder, P.E. and Lord, D. 2001. Safety effect of roundabout conversions in the United States: empirical Bayes observational before-after study. Transportation Research Record 1751:1-8. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Retting, R.A.; Kyrychenko, S.Y. and McCartt, A.T. 2007. Long-term trends in public opinion following construction of roundabouts. Transportation Research Record 2019:219-24. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Retting, R.A.; Luttrell, G. and Russell, E.R. 2002. Public opinion and traffic flow impacts of newly installed modern roundabouts in the United States. ITE Journal 72:30-32, 37.

Retting, R.A.; Mandavilli, S.; Russell, E.R. and McCartt, A.T. 2006. Roundabouts, traffic flow and public opinion. Traffic Engineering and Control 47:268-72.

Retting, R.A.; Persaud, B.N.; Garder, P.E. and Lord, D. 2001. Crash and injury reduction following installation of roundabouts in the United States. American Journal of Public Health 91:628-31.

1970s

Haddon, W.H., Jr. and Kelley, A.B. 1973. Statement before the US Senate Committee on Public Works, Subcommittee on Transportation (March 13, 1973). Arlington, VA: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. view/download

Kelley, A.B. 1973. Our booby-trapped highways. World 2:30-32.

Waller, J.A. 1971. Highway booby traps: M.D.s must speak out. Medical Tribune 44:6.

Waller, J.A.; Harris, L.S. and Oprendek, J.J. 1970. Booby-trapped highways in the 'beckoning country.' Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.

Wright, P.H. and Robertson, L.S. 1979. Amelioration of roadside obstacle crashes. Transportation Engineering Journal 105:609-22.

Wright, P.H. and Robertson, L.S. 1979. Planning roadside safety improvement programs. Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 294-309. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

Wright, P.H. and Robertson, L.S. 1976. Priorities for roadside hazard modification. Traffic Engineering 46:24-30. Reprinted as 'Priorities for roadside hazard modification: a study of 300 fatal roadside object crashes' in Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the American Association for Automotive Medicine, 114-27. Morton Grove, IL: American Association for Automotive Medicine.

2000 & later

Baker, B.C.; Nolan, J.M.; O'Neill, B. and Genetos, A.P. 2008. Crash compatibility between cars and light trucks: benefits of lowering front-end energy-absorbing structure in SUVs and pickups. Accident Analysis and Prevention 40:116-25.

Braitman, K.A.; Ferguson, S.A. and Elharam, K. 2007. Changes in driver fatality rates and vehicle incompatibility concurrent with changes in the passenger vehicle fleet. Public Health Reports 122:319-28.

Farmer, C.M. and Lund, A.K. 2006. Trends over time in the risk of driver death: What if vehicle designs had not improved? Traffic Injury Prevention 7:335-42.

Lund, A.K.; O'Neill, B.; Nolan, J.M. and Chapline, J.F. 2001. Protecting cars from SUVs: clues from real-world data and crash tests. TR News 212:3-8. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.

Lund, A.K.; O'Neill, B.; Nolan, J.M. and Chapline, J.F. 2000. Crash compatibility issue in perspective. SAE Technical Paper Series 2000-01-1378. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Meyerson, S.L. and Nolan, J.M. 2001. Effects of geometry and stiffness on the frontal compatibility of utility vehicles. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (CD-ROM). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

O'Neill, B. 2005. New car assessment programs — is harmonization feasible or desirable. Technischer Kongress 2005 Tagungsband (Technical Congress 2005 Proceedings), 297-312. Frankfurt, Germany: Verband der Automobilindustrie (German Association of the Automotive Industry).

O'Neill, B. 2004. U.S. perspectives on crash incompatibilities between cars and SUVs (sport utility vehicles). Technischer Kongress 2004 Tagungsband (Technical Congress 2004 Proceedings), 53-61. Frankfurt, Germany: Verband der Automobilindustrie (German Association of the Automotive Industry).

O'Neill, B. and Kyrychenko, S.Y. 2004. Crash incompatibilities between cars and light trucks: issues and potential countermeasures. SAE Technical Paper Series 2004-01-1166. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

O'Neill, B.; Lund, A.K. and Nolan, J.M. 2000. Crash compatibility issues for passenger vehicles in the United States. Proceedings of the Crash-Tech 2000 Conference, 7:1-9. Munich, Germany: TÜV Automotive GmbH.

Teoh, E.R. and Nolan, J.M. 2012. Is passenger vehicle incompatibility still a problem? Traffic Injury Prevention 13:585-91.

1990s

Farmer, C.M.; Braver, E.R. and Mitter, E.L. 1997. Two-vehicle side impact crashes: the relationship of vehicle and crash characteristics to injury severity. Accident Analysis and Prevention 29:399-406.

Lund, A.K. and Chapline, J.F. 1999. Potential strategies for improving crash compatibility in the US vehicle fleet (SAE 1999-01-0066). Vehicle Aggressivity and Compatibility in Automotive Crashes (SP-1442), 33-44. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Nolan, J.M.; Powell, M.R.; Preuss, C.A. and Lund, A.K. 1999. Factors contributing to front-side compatibility: a comparison of crash test results (SAE 99SC02). Proceedings of the 43rd Stapp Car Crash Conference (P-350), 13-24. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

1990s

O'Neill, B. 1998. The physics of car crashes and the role of vehicle size and weight in occupant protection. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: State of the Art Reviews 12:23-28.

1980s

Jones, I.S. and Whitfield, R.A. 1984. The effects of restraint use and mass in downsized cars (SAE 840199). Advances in Belt Restraint Systems: Design, Performance and Usage (P-141), 41-51. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

Zaremba, L.A. 1980. Injuries to unrestrained occupants in small car-small car and large car-large car head-on collisions. Accident Analysis and Prevention 12:11-29.

1970s

Campbell, B.J. and Reinfurt, D.W. 1973. Relationship between driver crash injury and passenger car weight. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center.

O'Neill, B.; Ginsburg, M.J. and Robertson, L.S. 1977. The effects of vehicle size on passenger car occupant death rates. SAE Technical Paper Series 770808. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers.

O'Neill, B.; Joksch, H.C. and Haddon, W., Jr. 1974. Empirical relationships between car size, car weight and crash injuries in car-to-car crashes. Proceedings of the Fifth International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles, 362-68. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Reprinted as 'Relationships between car size, car weight, and crash injuries in car-to-car crashes' in Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Automotive Safety, 1-27. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.