Midsize luxury/near luxury cars

Intrusion measures into the vehicle occupant compartment and peak injury measures recorded from the crash test dummies for the front moderate overlap tests, front small overlap tests (where applicable) and side tests, respectively, are provided in the tables below.

See our protocols page for detailed information on how to interpret these measures.

Note: All vehicles are listed alphabetically.

Front moderate overlap / Driver side occupant compartment intrusion

	Footwell intrusion				Brake pedal (cm)	Instrument panel rearward movement		Steering column movement		A-pillar rearward movement (cm)
	Footrest (cm)	Left (cm)	Center (cm)	Right (cm)	Brake pedal (cm)	Left (cm)	Right (cm)	Upward (cm)	Rearward (cm)	A-pillar rearward movement (cm)
Acura TL
model tested: 2009	3	12	12	8	4	0	0	0	6	1
model tested: 2004	6	8	8	5	4	1	0	3	-1	1
model tested: 2002	8	17	21	18	12	1	2	5	-3	1
Acura TSX sedan
model tested: 2009	2	8	8	5	3	0	0	0	0	0
model tested: 2004	6	8	9	6	6	0	0	4	-1	0
Audi A4
model tested: 2009	1	2	2	3	3	0	0	-2	-6	0
model tested: 2002	4	6	5	3	10	2	3	4	1	1
BMW 3 series
model tested: 2012	4	4	3	1	2	0	0	0	-5	0
model tested: 2006	1	1	1	1	2	0	0	-1	-3	0
model tested: 2000	17	16	13	8	5	5	2	6	0	3
Cadillac Catera
model tested: 1999	24	21	19	16	11	7	4	7	5	3
Infiniti G
model tested: 2007	4	6	9	6	9	2	1	1	1	0
Infiniti G35
model tested: 2003	10	11	13	8	11	2	4	9	-1	2
Jaguar X-Type
model tested: 2002	8	10	10	12	8	1	2	-3	0	3
Lexus ES 330
model tested: 2002	8	11	9	9	4	5	5	0	4	0
Lexus ES 350
model tested: 2013	6	8	4	4	4	2	1	0	2	1
Lexus HS 250h
model tested: 2010	5	8	14	9	6	2	2	0	-3	2
Lexus IS 250/350
model tested: 2006	10	10	12	10	3	3	3	7	0	0
Lexus IS 300
model tested: 2002	11	11	12	6	4	2	2	5	1	1
Mazda Millenia
model tested: 1995	16	24	27	22	25	8	6	6	7	3
Mercedes C class
model tested: 2010	1	1	2	1	3	1	3	-4	-6	1
model tested: 2008	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	-3	-4	0
	1	2	2	2	2	0	0	-3	-8	0
model tested: 2001	2	2	3	2	2	-1	0	2	0	0
Saab 9-3
model tested: 2003	6	8	14	13	8	3	1	-1	-5	2
model tested: 1999	20	24	26	21	15	8	7	14	6	11
Saab 9-5
model tested: 2002	12	15	15	17	10	4	2	3	1	4
model tested: 1999	14	18	19	16	5	5	2	3	1	7
Saab 900
model tested: 1995	29	34	33	27	21	17	13	13	13	21
Volkswagen CC
model tested: 2006	4	6	6	5	6	2	2	2	-2	0
Volvo 850/S70
model tested: 1995	18	20	32	24	16	8	7	4	10	7
Volvo S60
model tested: 2011	1	1	2	4	1	0	0	-1	-8	0
model tested: 2002	9	15	17	14	12	2	0	2	2	1

Front moderate overlap / Driver injury measures

	Head		Neck			Chest maximum compression (mm)	Legs								Foot acceleration (g)
	HIC-15	Peak gs at hard contact	Tension (kN)	Extension bending moment (Nm)	Maximum Nij		Femur force (kN)		Knee displacement (mm)		Maximum tibia index		Tibia axial force (kN)		Foot acceleration (g)
	HIC-15	Peak gs at hard contact	Tension (kN)	Extension bending moment (Nm)	Maximum Nij		Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right
Acura TL
model tested: 2009	197	no contact	0.8	33	0.18	24	1.1	3.2	0	0	0.47	0.52	2.4	2.8	76	54
model tested: 2004	159	no contact	1.0	12	0.20	32	0.3	1.8	0	1	0.40	0.52	1.6	2.8	62	42
model tested: 2002	191	no contact	0.0	12	0.23	29	2.4	1.5	0	4	0.57	1.00	1.5	3.6	60	116
Acura TSX sedan
model tested: 2009	160	no contact	0.8	13	0.19	29	0.9	0.8	0	0	0.26	0.46	1.4	2.2	63	56
model tested: 2004	179	19	1.0	9	0.25	28	0.2	3.1	0	0	0.30	0.99	2.0	4.6	75	55
Audi A4
model tested: 2009	164	16	1.3	47	0.27	39	0.3	0.4	0	0	0.36	0.40	1.9	2.4	65	66
model tested: 2002	145	38	1.0	26	0.43	29	3.3	3.6	10	1	0.71	0.75	1.8	2.1	58	64
BMW 3 series
model tested: 2012	132	15	1.1	8	0.20	26	1.4	1.7	1	2	0.38	0.30	3.2	3.3	60	61
model tested: 2006	136	no contact	0.6	8	0.21	22	0.3	0.2	0	0	0.21	0.25	1.9	1.4	53	41
model tested: 2000	328	21	1.5	9	0.31	30	2.1	2.0	3	2	0.53	0.64	1.4	2.3	67	69
Cadillac Catera
model tested: 1999	148	46	1.6	18	0.32	36	3.3	2.6	1	1	0.74	0.64	2.3	3.2	113	68
Infiniti G
model tested: 2007	141	no contact	1.1	20	0.21	36	1.3	1.0	1	1	0.41	0.41	3.3	1.7	78	112
Infiniti G35
model tested: 2003	289	80	1.3	21	0.35	25	6.0	3.7	4	2	0.38	0.56	1.3	1.5	81	49
Jaguar X-Type
model tested: 2002	144	41	1.7	15	0.44	35	1.7	5.0	1	3	0.85	0.77	3.9	2.9	51	69
Lexus ES 330
model tested: 2002	149	24	1.1	34	0.44	24	0.8	2.4	0	3	0.36	0.58	2.1	3.2	63	85
Lexus ES 350
model tested: 2013	212	no contact	1.3	27	0.30	20	1.5	3.0	3	5	0.50	0.67	2.4	3.7	44	58
Lexus HS 250h
model tested: 2010	146	no contact	1.2	16	0.29	26	1.2	1.8	1	2	0.46	0.57	2.5	3.2	73	108
Lexus IS 250/350
model tested: 2006	308	37	1.8	21	0.31	28	1.1	1.8	1	2	0.33	0.39	2.3	3.6	53	56
Lexus IS 300
model tested: 2002	290	30	1.3	22	0.22	24	0.2	1.5	0	1	0.46	0.37	1.8	2.5	72	57
Mazda Millenia
model tested: 1995	175	18	1.4	26	0.31	39	4.8	1.6	8	1	1.59	0.50	1.2	3.3	62	59
Mercedes C class
model tested: 2010	173	23	1.3	8	0.30	32	1.6	2.3	2	2	0.36	0.50	3.1	3.6	57	75
model tested: 2008	208	47	1.1	-15	0.38	33	3.8	3.3	6	11	0.35	0.81	2.2	3.6	73	86
	166	32	0.9	6	0.27	30	3.3	1.7	14	10	0.62	0.70	2.1	2.5	77	47
model tested: 2001	251	44	2.0	32	0.32	33	4.2	4.3	7	1	0.46	0.42	2.1	3.4	54	57
Saab 9-3
model tested: 2003	164	no contact	1.1	8	0.20	37	2.0	5.0	2	0	0.29	0.38	1.3	1.6	62	65
model tested: 1999	334	92	1.4	26	0.31	29	3.0	2.6	7	4	0.44	0.84	1.1	4.4	78	82
Saab 9-5
model tested: 2002	206	34	1.2	15	0.27	29	2.6	5.0	1	13	0.40	0.90	1.3	5.4	105	76
model tested: 1999	289	28	1.2	20	0.26	31	3.7	6.1	3	3	0.38	1.25	1.5	5.9	69	178
Saab 900
model tested: 1995	279	20	1.3	17	0.30	33	3.7	1.7	4	7	0.35	0.61	2.2	4.6	56	143
Volkswagen CC
model tested: 2006	161	16	0.8	28	0.29	26	0.1	1.8	0	1	0.33	0.33	1.8	3.0	53	125
Volvo 850/S70
model tested: 1995	97	no contact	1.6	21	0.33	23	4.1	6.0	2	3	0.68	0.71	0.5	2.7	66	67
Volvo S60
model tested: 2011	329	no contact	1.2	4	0.23	22	0.2	0.1	0	0	0.27	0.57	1.8	2.1	42	51
model tested: 2002	209	48	0.1	36	0.31	34	2.9	3.1	1	0	0.93	0.70	1.0	5.2	70	174

Front small overlap / Driver side occupant compartment structure

	Lower occupant compartment						Upper occupant compartment
	Lower hinge pillar max (cm)	Footrest (cm)	Left toepan (cm)	Brake pedal (cm)	Parking brake (cm)	Rocker panel lateral average (cm)	Steering column rearward (cm)	Upper hinge pillar max (cm)	Upper dash (cm)	Lower instrument panel (cm)
Acura TL
model tested: 2012	15	11	2	4	0	5	2	9	9	10
	20	6	2	5	0	2	3	12	11	10
Acura TSX sedan
model tested: 2012	25	13	4	6	0	5	2	12	14	18
	21	11	6	9	0	5	5	15	16	15
Audi A4
model tested: 2012	27	29	20	10	0	4	no data	26	30	31
	24	26	18	10	0	3	13	24	26	23
BMW 3 series
model tested: 2012	10	40	34	24	0	1	1	6	16	15
Infiniti G
model tested: 2012	22	22	14	9	22	7	1	14	13	13
Lexus ES 350
model tested: 2012	43	19	13	15	41	5	7	25	26	29
Lexus IS 250/350
model tested: 2012	39	42	31	25	31	16	1	16	22	22
Lincoln MKZ
model tested: 2012	34	20	18	11	0	19	5	17	21	23
Mercedes C class
model tested: 2012	9	32	24	21	14	0	4	9	11	11
Volkswagen CC
model tested: 2012	24	13	6	3	0	6	3	12	16	17
Volvo S60
model tested: 2012	8	5	4	5	0	3	3	7	6	5

Front small overlap / Driver injury measures

	Head		Neck			Chest maximum compression (mm)	Legs												Foot acceleration (g)
	HIC-15	Peak gs at hard contact	Tension (kN)	Extension bending moment (Nm)	Maximum Nij		Femur force (kN)		Femur impulse (Ns)		Knee displacement (mm)		Knee-Thigh-Hip injury risk (%)		Maximum tibia index		Tibia axial force (kN)		Foot acceleration (g)
	HIC-15	Peak gs at hard contact	Tension (kN)	Extension bending moment (Nm)	Maximum Nij		Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right
Acura TL
model tested: 2012	41	no contact	0.7	16	0.17	25	4.28	0.16	60.40	0.00	10	0	2	0	0.51	0.42	3.3	0.3	75	40
	55	no contact	0.7	9	0.15	27	4.89	0.13	15.30	0.00	5	0	3	0	0.47	0.48	2.3	0.3	73	23
Acura TSX sedan
model tested: 2012	77	no contact	1.1	12	0.23	27	3.66	0.55	0.00	0.00	4	1	1	0	1.31	0.38	3.3	1.7	71	55
	116	no contact	1.1	8	0.24	28	3.01	2.70	0.00	0.00	15	0	0	0	1.21	0.43	3.2	2.1	58	60
Audi A4
model tested: 2012	89	no contact	1.5	5	0.33	31	8.57	1.22	160.00	0.00	1	6	53	0	0.63	0.62	1.6	1.7	90	98
BMW 3 series
model tested: 2012	238	no contact	1.3	25	0.30	21	1.95	2.26	0.00	0.00	6	3	0	0	2.07	0.46	4.0	5.0	128	70
Infiniti G
model tested: 2012	88	no contact	0.7	11	0.16	25	3.04	1.30	0.00	0.00	5	1	1	0	0.72	0.33	1.9	1.6	56	76
Lexus ES 350
model tested: 2012	51	no contact	1.0	12	0.21	18	6.10	1.76	153.40	0.00	20	3	19	0	1.30	0.50	2.1	2.5	74	56
Lexus IS 250/350
model tested: 2012	190	negligible	1.2	13	0.23	23	3.34	3.21	0.00	0.00	7	2	1	1	2.05	1.06	5.9	6.1	225	122
Lincoln MKZ
model tested: 2012	43	no contact	1.0	10	0.23	21	3.89	1.24	0.00	0.00	13	0	1	0	0.77	0.58	1.7	1.6	71	42
Mercedes C class
model tested: 2012	98	17	1.1	6	0.21	19	3.14	2.62	0.00	0.00	3	6	1	0	2.01	1.87	5.2	4.4	113	112
Volkswagen CC
model tested: 2012	131	no contact	1.4	9	0.26	27	6.90	0.32	102.50	0.00	4	1	10	0	0.50	0.35	2.6	1.6	72	70
Volvo S60
model tested: 2012	86	no contact	0.9	18	0.25	16	0.16	0.09	0.00	0.00	1	0	0	0	0.45	0.54	1.8	0.7	42	39

Side / Driver side B-pillar intrusion

	B-pillar to longitudinal centerline of driver's seat* (cm)
Acura TL with side airbags
model tested: 2009	-13.5
model tested: 2004	-6.5
Acura TSX sedan with side airbags
model tested: 2009	-12.5
model tested: 2005	-3.5
Audi A4 with side airbags
model tested: 2009	-13.0
model tested: 2005	-11.0
BMW 3 series with side airbags
model tested: 2012	-16.5
model tested: 2006	-10.0
Infiniti G with side airbags
model tested: 2007	-10.5
Infiniti G35 with side airbags
model tested: 2006	-0.5
Jaguar X-Type with side airbags
model tested: 2004	-0.5
Lexus ES 330 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	-7.0
	-7.0
Lexus ES 350 with side airbags
model tested: 2013	-14.0
Lexus HS 250h with side airbags
model tested: 2010	-13.5
Lexus IS 250/350 with side airbags
model tested: 2006	-12.5
Lincoln MKZ with side airbags
model tested: 2010	-8.5
model tested: 2006	-8.0
Mercedes C class with side airbags
model tested: 2009	-20.5
model tested: 2005	-8.0
Saab 9-3 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	-11.0
Saab 9-5 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	-2.5
Volkswagen CC with side airbags
model tested: 2009	-14.5
Volvo S60 with side airbags
model tested: 2012	-15.5
model tested: 2005	-6.5
*Negative numbers indicate the amount by which the crush stopped short of the seat centerline.

Side / Driver injury measures

	Head HIC-15	Neck		Shoulder		Torso				Pelvis			Left femur
	Head HIC-15	Tension (kN)	Compression (kN)	Lateral deflection (mm)	Lateral force (kN)	Max. defl. (mm)	Avg. defl. (mm)	Max. defl. rate (m/s)	Max. viscous criterion (m/s)	Iliac force (kN)	Acetabulum force (kN)	Combined acetabulum & iliac force (kN)	L-M force (kN)	L-M moment (Nm)	A-P moment (Nm)
Acura TL with side airbags
model tested: 2009	245	1.0	0.0	56	1.6	47	41	3.96	0.81	2.7	2.1	4.5	0.7	122	50
model tested: 2004	461	0.9	0.4	39	2.0	46	41	5.00	0.95	2.7	3.3	5.0	0.9	103	53
Acura TSX sedan with side airbags
model tested: 2009	345	1.3	0.0	44	1.9	33	30	2.83	0.51	2.6	2.1	4.5	0.4	126	43
model tested: 2005	383	no data	no data	50	2.0	33	31	3.15	0.48	3.5	2.9	6.2	0.3	36	28
Audi A4 with side airbags
model tested: 2009	234	1.2	0.0	39	1.5	46	37	3.58	0.89	2.9	1.7	4.4	0.5	150	42
model tested: 2005	237	0.8	0.4	48	1.6	29	25	2.91	0.33	1.4	1.7	2.9	0.2	54	22
BMW 3 series with side airbags
model tested: 2012	323	1.2	0.2	41	1.8	40	36	3.37	0.72	2.8	1.7	4.5	0.3	157	64
model tested: 2006	214	0.9	0.4	33	1.6	47	38	4.11	0.78	2.1	3.5	5.3	1.2	186	23
Infiniti G with side airbags
model tested: 2007	158	0.9	0.1	40	1.6	28	26	3.59	0.37	1.3	3.0	4.2	0.3	215	39
Infiniti G35 with side airbags
model tested: 2006	267	0.9	0.1	43	2.0	35	31	5.85	0.87	3.6	3.3	6.7	1.3	387	91
Jaguar X-Type with side airbags
model tested: 2004	326	1.7	0.3	45	2.4	58	57	8.22	2.14	3.4	2.3	5.6	0.5	177	48
Lexus ES 330 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	322	1.2	0.2	48	1.9	53	42	3.67	0.76	1.1	3.1	4.2	0.7	163	45
	321	1.0	0.3	57	1.7	47	39	3.74	0.75	1.1	3.0	4.0	0.8	159	42
Lexus ES 350 with side airbags
model tested: 2013	379	0.6	0.2	44	1.5	30	25	3.56	0.33	1.9	1.5	3.4	0.5	23	53
Lexus HS 250h with side airbags
model tested: 2010	384	0.9	0.2	50	2.2	39	23	2.75	0.63	1.4	1.3	2.4	0.7	191	47
Lexus IS 250/350 with side airbags
model tested: 2006	187	0.6	0.2	47	1.6	33	28	6.41	0.53	2.4	2.6	4.5	0.3	76	37
Lincoln MKZ with side airbags
model tested: 2010	263	1.7	0.6	37	2.3	27	20	2.46	0.36	2.8	3.2	5.6	0.8	32	128
model tested: 2006	180	1.5	0.3	37	2.2	28	25	4.96	0.66	3.8	3.5	7.2	0.7	81	37
Mercedes C class with side airbags
model tested: 2009	165	0.8	0.4	44	1.6	35	30	2.97	0.45	2.0	2.2	3.8	0.1	74	40
model tested: 2005	288	1.5	0.4	59	2.2	54	45	5.93	1.28	0.7	1.6	2.3	0.2	78	48
Saab 9-3 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	205	1.0	0.6	41	1.7	45	33	5.16	0.95	1.9	2.9	4.5	1.0	91	27
Saab 9-5 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	186	1.1	0.2	39	1.7	26	20	3.73	0.39	2.9	3.0	5.7	0.8	63	34
Volkswagen CC with side airbags
model tested: 2009	143	0.9	0.4	24	1.1	31	28	3.49	0.37	2.0	2.3	4.0	0.9	144	27
Volvo S60 with side airbags
model tested: 2012	94	1.1	0.5	25	1.4	29	27	6.68	0.83	1.4	0.8	1.8	0.9	124	16
model tested: 2005	73	1.0	0.2	37	1.4	36	32	4.26	0.59	3.3	3.0	6.2	0.9	82	27

Side / Passenger injury measures

	Head HIC-15	Neck		Shoulder		Torso				Pelvis			Left femur
	Head HIC-15	Tension (kN)	Compression (kN)	Lateral deflection (mm)	Lateral force (kN)	Max. defl. (mm)	Avg. defl. (mm)	Max. defl. rate (m/s)	Max. viscous criterion (m/s)	Iliac force (kN)	Acetabulum force (kN)	Combined acetabulum & iliac force (kN)	L-M force (kN)	L-M moment (Nm)	A-P moment (Nm)
Acura TL with side airbags
model tested: 2009	230	0.0	0.4	41	1.2	33	27	2.64	0.44	0.3	1.6	1.7	0.9	159	31
model tested: 2004	251	0.7	0.3	25	1.0	26	20	4.02	0.41	0.1	0.5	0.5	1.9	215	28
Acura TSX sedan with side airbags
model tested: 2009	244	0.1	0.2	39	1.6	32	29	4.13	0.61	0.8	1.6	2.3	0.2	119	43
model tested: 2005	214	0.8	0.2	43	1.9	30	20	1.59	0.28	0.2	2.2	2.2	0.3	125	37
Audi A4 with side airbags
model tested: 2009	114	0.3	0.4	24	1.1	24	21	1.66	0.21	0.1	2.6	2.6	1.2	163	58
model tested: 2005	190	0.3	0.5	48	2.1	37	32	4.57	0.72	0.6	3.0	3.4	0.6	70	20
BMW 3 series with side airbags
model tested: 2012	125	0.4	0.2	14	0.8	21	17	1.69	0.18	1.2	0.6	1.8	0.5	128	44
model tested: 2006	61	0.6	0.2	9	0.6	35	24	2.98	0.42	0.7	1.8	2.4	0.9	90	16
Infiniti G with side airbags
model tested: 2007	72	0.5	0.2	21	1.2	30	21	2.76	0.37	0.7	1.6	2.2	0.2	73	28
Infiniti G35 with side airbags
model tested: 2006	121	1.0	0.2	24	1.4	18	15	1.46	0.14	0.7	2.4	3.1	0.4	128	38
Jaguar X-Type with side airbags
model tested: 2004	139	0.9	0.2	36	1.8	30	25	3.63	0.41	0.1	2.7	2.7	0.7	193	32
Lexus ES 330 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	184	0.2	0.5	30	1.5	50	36	4.26	0.77	1.1	2.1	2.8	0.6	78	18
Lexus ES 350 with side airbags
model tested: 2013	66	0.1	0.3	14	0.7	23	20	4.66	0.23	0.4	0.9	1.1	0.9	39	137
Lexus HS 250h with side airbags
model tested: 2010	32	0.2	0.4	10	0.6	20	15	1.52	0.14	0.4	2.3	2.6	0.4	149	18
Lexus IS 250/350 with side airbags
model tested: 2006	149	0.1	0.3	32	1.7	26	17	1.99	0.24	0.6	2.2	2.6	0.4	72	21
Lincoln MKZ with side airbags
model tested: 2010	359	0.2	0.7	46	2.2	38	32	3.66	0.59	0.2	2.5	2.6	0.5	54	98
model tested: 2006	152	0.1	0.2	55	1.6	49	39	4.10	0.93	0.5	2.2	2.5	0.7	104	66
Mercedes C class with side airbags
model tested: 2009	155	0.5	0.5	15	0.9	17	13	2.17	0.19	1.6	1.0	2.6	0.6	89	48
model tested: 2005	142	0.2	1.0	24	1.0	27	23	2.62	0.30	3.3	1.7	5.0	0.6	59	22
Saab 9-3 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	204	0.1	0.4	40	1.8	36	29	3.22	0.35	0.1	1.4	1.4	1.7	180	18
Saab 9-5 with side airbags
model tested: 2004	281	0.9	1.3	40	1.8	44	33	3.75	0.62	1.1	2.8	3.3	1.0	161	48
Volkswagen CC with side airbags
model tested: 2009	308	0.2	2.3	33	1.6	39	31	3.16	0.57	0.7	2.4	3.0	0.4	19	86
Volvo S60 with side airbags
model tested: 2012	434	0.4	0.2	44	1.6	36	31	3.56	0.52	0.4	1.9	1.9	0.6	249	27
model tested: 2005	277	1.2	0.3	39	1.8	34	28	3.94	0.52	0.9	3.3	3.9	0.9	103	32