Large luxury cars

Intrusion measures into the vehicle occupant compartment and peak injury measures recorded from the crash test dummies for the front moderate overlap tests, front small overlap tests (where applicable) and side tests, respectively, are provided in the tables below.

See our protocols page for detailed information on how to interpret these measures.

Note: All vehicles are listed alphabetically.

Front moderate overlap / Driver side occupant compartment intrusion

	Footwell intrusion				Brake pedal (cm)	Instrument panel rearward movement		Steering column movement		A-pillar rearward movement (cm)
	Footrest (cm)	Left (cm)	Center (cm)	Right (cm)	Brake pedal (cm)	Left (cm)	Right (cm)	Upward (cm)	Rearward (cm)	A-pillar rearward movement (cm)
Acura RL
model tested: 2005	8	13	14	8	13	1	1	2	1	0
model tested: 2002	13	15	24	17	13	5	6	9	4	5
Audi A6
model tested: 2012	1	2	2	1	3	1	2	3	-6	0
model tested: 2005	6	7	8	9	2	2	4	4	-1	0
model tested: 1999	12	20	19	13	10	7	9	10	2	3
BMW 5 series
model tested: 2011	1	1	1	1	2	0	0	1	1	0
model tested: 2004	3	4	4	5	5	1	2	-4	2	1
model tested: 1997	9	13	10	6	8	4	4	8	-1	3
Buick Park Avenue
model tested: 1999	9	18	18	15	7	4	3	3	0	4
Cadillac CTS
model tested: 2008	6	9	12	10	7	1	1	2	4	4
model tested: 2003	7	11	13	11	10	0	1	3	-1	1
	8	12	16	8	8	1	2	3	-1	1
Cadillac Seville
model tested: 2000	6	17	15	16	9	4	3	4	2	3
model tested: 1997	21	31	37	31	31	16	16	15	11	9
Cadillac STS
model tested: 2005	4	6	8	7	3	0	1	3	-2	0
Cadillac XTS
model tested: 2013	4	9	12	8	4	2	1	0	-3	1
Hyundai Equus
model tested: 2011	9	12	14	10	4	2	3	3	-1	2
Hyundai Genesis
model tested: 2009	11	12	12	12	13	2	2	1	-1	1
	11	11	10	10	6	3	2	0	-1	1
Infiniti M35/M45
model tested: 2006	5	6	6	5	5	1	1	5	2	0
Infiniti M37/M56
model tested: 2012	7	9	12	12	16	1	1	0	1	0
model tested: 2011	4	8	11	11	11	1	2	5	-1	0
Infiniti Q45
model tested: 2003	12	14	16	10	3	-1	0	6	0	0
model tested: 1997	15	19	22	15	16	8	4	8	6	11
	19	25	29	20	20	10	6	9	8	12
Lexus GS
model tested: 2013	7	8	9	6	6	-1	0	1	0	1
model tested: 2006	11	11	11	8	6	4	2	5	0	1
model tested: 1999	8	14	16	12	5	3	5	3	1	3
Lexus LS
model tested: 2007	12	12	13	12	11	2	4	1	0	0
Lexus LS 400
model tested: 1997	6	16	15	11	9	3	4	1	6	5
Lexus LS 430
model tested: 2001	10	10	12	11	6	1	4	3	2	2
	8	9	10	9	9	2	4	5	3	1
Lincoln Continental
model tested: 1997	17	23	25	22	23	13	12	6	8	11
Lincoln LS
model tested: 2000	12	14	14	11	9	-1	-3	0	-4	4
Lincoln MKS
model tested: 2009	4	6	8	7	5	2	2	3	1	2
Lincoln Town Car
model tested: 2003	10	11	11	10	6	2	1	2	0	4
	10	12	14	11	6	5	5	3	3	7
Mercedes E class 2-door
model tested: 2010	1	1	2	2	3	-1	0	-4	-5	1
Mercedes E class 4-door
model tested: 2010	1	1	2	2	2	-1	-1	-4	-8	0
model tested: 2007	4	7	9	4	2	0	-2	0	-3	2
model tested: 2003	3	7	9	4	5	0	0	1	-2	1
model tested: 2001	13	11	14	9	8	2	1	5	-4	1
model tested: 1997	14	19	17	13	15	5	3	10	3	9
Saab 9-5
model tested: 2011	2	7	8	6	1	1	1	1	-3	1
Volvo S80
model tested: 2007	3	3	3	6	5	0	1	0	-5	0
model tested: 2000	10	14	17	15	10	4	2	3	2	3
	10	14	17	15	10	4	2	3	2	3

Front moderate overlap / Driver injury measures

	Head		Neck			Chest maximum compression (mm)	Legs								Foot acceleration (g)
	HIC-15	Peak gs at hard contact	Tension (kN)	Extension bending moment (Nm)	Maximum Nij		Femur force (kN)		Knee displacement (mm)		Maximum tibia index		Tibia axial force (kN)		Foot acceleration (g)
	HIC-15	Peak gs at hard contact	Tension (kN)	Extension bending moment (Nm)	Maximum Nij		Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right	Left	Right
Acura RL
model tested: 2005	137	no contact	0.8	12	0.20	26	0.4	3.1	1	0	0.43	0.51	2.0	2.7	57	54
model tested: 2002	356	136	1.8	22	0.31	37	0.8	1.4	0	0	0.43	0.86	1.1	3.2	74	79
Audi A6
model tested: 2012	266	13	1.7	10	0.31	24	1.2	1.4	1	2	0.36	0.44	2.7	1.8	66	93
model tested: 2005	220	16	1.7	14	0.32	30	7.2	6.5	10	2	0.66	0.59	2.1	3.0	58	75
model tested: 1999	168	no contact	1.1	24	0.31	29	4.2	6.9	3	2	1.02	1.03	0.9	3.3	71	84
BMW 5 series
model tested: 2011	155	no contact	1.1	9	0.22	34	1.0	1.5	3	6	0.38	0.54	2.4	3.1	52	55
model tested: 2004	258	18	1.5	10	0.33	37	1.1	2.5	0	0	0.45	0.92	2.1	3.5	64	56
model tested: 1997	299	no contact	1.4	17	0.28	37	2.4	3.2	1	1	0.72	0.26	2.9	1.2	100	58
Buick Park Avenue
model tested: 1999	306	32	1.6	22	0.29	28	4.9	2.2	1	0	0.43	0.61	1.8	2.4	83	133
Cadillac CTS
model tested: 2008	380	no contact	1.3	15	0.22	36	0.1	0.2	0	0	0.37	0.56	1.7	1.6	57	60
model tested: 2003	687	104	0.0	30	0.45	28	3.9	2.0	0	0	0.50	1.02	2.1	3.4	72	64
	232	negligible	1.2	15	0.37	33	4.5	2.2	0	0	0.31	0.63	1.9	2.2	76	65
Cadillac Seville
model tested: 2000	188	no contact	1.1	15	0.21	29	2.5	1.9	1	2	0.50	0.68	1.8	2.3	68	148
model tested: 1997	214	60	1.5	25	0.29	24	3.9	2.9	3	1	0.58	1.22	1.7	3.5	57	86
Cadillac STS
model tested: 2005	451	79	1.1	19	0.25	24	1.7	1.8	0	0	0.30	0.43	2.3	3.0	51	50
Cadillac XTS
model tested: 2013	190	no contact	0.8	19	0.20	22	0.5	2.0	1	1	0.26	0.47	1.9	4.4	44	89
Hyundai Equus
model tested: 2011	207	negligible	1.4	13	0.24	35	1.6	2.5	3	2	0.53	0.45	2.7	2.4	64	68
Hyundai Genesis
model tested: 2009	452	117	1.3	15	0.26	30	5.6	4.5	8	13	0.60	1.25	2.3	4.9	146	180
	no data	no data	1.2	17	0.40	32	4.8	5.0	3	9	0.41	0.61	2.8	3.9	72	139
Infiniti M35/M45
model tested: 2006	286	no contact	1.3	18	0.27	25	2.0	3.0	2	0	0.27	0.30	2.1	1.6	53	61
Infiniti M37/M56
model tested: 2012	491	89	1.3	25	0.28	32	0.5	3.6	2	1	0.32	0.63	1.6	2.7	84	119
model tested: 2011	241	no contact	1.0	18	0.22	30	1.4	1.1	0	4	0.31	0.48	1.6	2.4	87	86
Infiniti Q45
model tested: 2003	209	no contact	1.0	18	0.19	26	3.0	0.8	0	3	0.50	0.65	1.8	2.7	59	53
model tested: 1997	786	37	2.3	24	0.41	44	3.7	2.8	2	5	0.91	0.63	1.1	1.4	73	47
	841	25	2.4	29	0.44	41	3.1	2.9	0	5	1.21	1.12	1.6	1.4	56	56
Lexus GS
model tested: 2013	165	33	1.6	18	0.26	26	0.9	1.6	0	4	0.46	0.42	2.1	3.3	60	62
model tested: 2006	251	47	2.1	24	0.33	31	1.4	2.7	1	3	0.36	0.46	2.6	2.9	46	52
model tested: 1999	207	44	1.6	28	0.57	32	4.8	2.4	12	4	0.65	0.79	1.5	2.9	65	62
Lexus LS
model tested: 2007	154	no contact	1.5	18	0.29	34	1.4	2.3	2	5	0.58	0.70	2.5	3.1	46	46
Lexus LS 400
model tested: 1997	414	negligible	1.5	22	0.31	37	2.8	5.3	3	9	0.40	0.66	1.0	1.9	59	64
Lexus LS 430
model tested: 2001	172	27	1.0	2	0.17	37	3.1	1.8	3	1	0.35	0.34	4.0	3.0	66	63
	291	11	2.0	37	0.45	44	3.3	1.9	0	0	0.32	0.40	2.8	1.9	53	63
Lincoln Continental
model tested: 1997	248	no contact	1.6	40	0.32	33	9.0	2.3	5	0	1.61	0.84	2.6	1.5	79	50
Lincoln LS
model tested: 2000	333	no contact	1.8	18	0.32	28	2.9	1.5	8	5	0.42	0.48	1.6	3.3	67	65
Lincoln MKS
model tested: 2009	189	no contact	0.1	8	0.31	30	0.9	1.4	2	0	0.33	0.72	1.9	3.2	44	58
Lincoln Town Car
model tested: 2003	294	180	1.4	46	0.46	31	6.0	2.3	6	0	0.91	0.77	3.2	2.8	84	65
	265	15	1.5	10	0.26	36	7.5	2.6	13	0	0.97	0.34	4.2	2.4	87	60
Mercedes E class 2-door
model tested: 2010	276	25	1.2	17	0.20	27	1.6	2.7	1	2	0.35	0.55	2.8	4.7	59	72
Mercedes E class 4-door
model tested: 2010	245	negligible	1.6	10	0.37	45	2.3	2.6	3	5	0.47	0.60	2.8	3.6	73	63
model tested: 2007	208	48	2.1	13	0.41	36	3.5	5.1	0	1	0.39	0.53	1.6	1.5	64	77
model tested: 2003	230	40	1.4	24	0.30	35	2.8	2.4	0	0	0.45	0.71	1.7	3.8	48	60
model tested: 2001	206	negligible	1.8	40	0.53	28	6.1	4.0	11	0	0.69	0.70	2.4	3.1	99	77
model tested: 1997	305	29	2.0	19	0.37	35	5.5	3.2	5	2	0.33	0.43	0.6	0.6	76	68
Saab 9-5
model tested: 2011	276	no contact	1.4	11	0.29	30	0.2	0.3	0	0	0.32	0.55	1.6	2.1	53	54
Volvo S80
model tested: 2007	111	no contact	1.1	9	0.21	30	1.7	2.5	0	0	0.39	0.43	1.7	1.3	50	57
model tested: 2000	188	26	1.3	38	0.33	33	2.2	3.7	0	0	0.44	0.70	0.9	3.2	54	95
	188	26	1.3	38	0.33	33	2.2	3.7	0	0	0.44	0.70	0.9	3.2	54	95