Intermediate stage —
restrictions on driving while unsupervised

¹Applicants for an intermediate license must be 16 and must be crash/violation free for 6 months. Licensees younger than 18 prohibits drivers from transporting passengers who are unrestrained.

²Students enrolled in driver education in California may drive while supervised by an instructor. License applicants who do not take driver education must wait until age 18 for a license. They are not required to go through an intermediate license stage.

³In Connecticut, either driver education or home training is required for license applicants younger than 18. Permit holders may not carry any passengers aside from the person providing instruction, parents, or guardians. Time spent practice driving with a professional instructor counts toward the 40-hour certification requirement. Before an applicant who is less than eighteen years of age may take the driver’s test, parents or guardians must attend two hours of instruction regarding teen driving laws and related issues with such applicant.

⁴A driver education student does not need a permit to drive with a driver education instructor. After completing the on-road requirements of driver education, a driver education student who is at least age 15 years, 10 months may apply for a Driver Education Learner's Permit, which allows the student to drive while supervised by an experienced driver. Upon completion of driver education, and if the student passes both the road and written tests, the student receives a Level 1 permit that for the first 6 months allows driving only while supervised. There also is a passenger restriction during the first 6 months of the Level 1 permit. No more than 1 passenger (family members excepted) is permitted in addition to the supervising driver. The Level 1 permit for the second 6 months is the equivalent of an intermediate license. During that period, holders may drive unsupervised between 6 am and 10 pm and may only carry 1 passenger. Applicants for a driver's license who are younger than 18 must have held a Driver Education Learner's Permit and/or a Level 1 permit for at least 12 months. Driver education is required for all license applicants younger than 18.

⁵License applicants younger than 21 must go through the intermediate stage until they have completed it or until age 21.

⁶In Georgia, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education.

⁷License applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

⁸In Idaho, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education. There are 3 classes of learner's permits–a training instruction permit for persons 14, 6 months taking driver education; a supervised instruction permit for practice driving with a nonprofessional supervisor; and an instruction permit for persons younger than 17 who have completed driver education and supervised driving or for persons 17 and older without either driver education or supervised driving.

⁹License applicants 18 and older are not required to have driver education or to go through an intermediate license stage.

¹⁰Driver education determines the minimum age for permits and the intermediate license in Indiana. People enrolled in or who have completed driver education must be age 15 to have a permit; otherwise, they must be age 16. The minimum age for an intermediate license is 16, 1 month with driver education; age 16, 6 months, without.

¹¹Driver education is required for an intermediate license and for an unrestricted license if applicant is younger than 18.

¹²In addition to the certification in the learner stage, Iowa requires a certification of 10 hours of supervised driving, 2 of which must be at night during the intermediate stage.

¹³In Kansas, restricted license holders may not drive unless supervised other than to and from school or work via the most direct route and may not carry minor passengers other than siblings. To get a restricted license, applicants must have driven at least 25 of the 50 hours required for a full license and must have held an instruction permit for 6 months.

¹⁴License holders younger than 18 must complete a driver education course or a state-sponsored traffic school.

¹⁵Driver education is required in Louisiana for a permit and an intermediate license if the applicant is younger than 17. People 17 and older must have completed an educational program that does not require a behind-the-wheel component.

¹⁶In Maine, driver education is required for a permit and a license if the applicant is younger than 18. The learner's permit holding period and the certification of practice driving applies to license applicants younger than 21.

¹⁷The nighttime driving restriction only applies to intermediate license holders younger than 18.

¹⁸Driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18.

¹⁹License applicants younger than 18 must have completed the second segment of driver education. Neither driver education nor an intermediate license is required for license applicants 18 and older.

²⁰License applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education. Provisional license holders must be crash free to qualify for a full license.

²¹License applicants 17 and older are exempt from the requirement to get an intermediate license.

²²License applicants younger than 16 must have completed driver education.

²³Driver education is required of all licensed applicants younger than 18 unless there is no driver education program offered within a 30-mile radius of the applicant's residence.

²⁴In New Jersey, the permit becomes an intermediate license after 6 months. The graduated licensing law applies to adults, except that the night driving and passenger restrictions are waived for new drivers 21 and older. If the applicant has not completed driver education, the minimum permit age is 17 and the minimum intermediate license age is 17, 6 months. Learner's permit holders may not drive between 11 pm and 5 am and may not carry more than 1 passenger in addition to the supervising driver.

²⁵Currently, New York law does not have a minimum holding period for the learner's permit. The minimum age for an unrestricted driver's license is 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education). The exception is New York City where driving is prohibited unless the driver is 18 or older. Effective, September 1, 2003, New York enacted a passenger restriction that applies to permit holders and license holders younger than 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education). The law also created a new class of license, the limited DJ license. Permit holders who pass a road test and certify 20 or more hours of practice driving may be given a limited DJ license which allows unsupervised driving to and from school, school activities, work, medical appointments, and day care for family members. The night driving and passenger restrictions apply to this license. Permit holders may apply for the limited DJ license at any time. There is, however, a six month holding period for the regular DJ license which allows unsupervised driving anywhere but retains the night driving and passenger restrictions. For the purpose of determining if the six month holding period has passed, both the time spent in the learner’s permit phase and the time a person spends in the limited DJ phase is counted.

²⁶Driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

²⁷Driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18.

²⁸A person who has been issued an intermediate Class D license shall not operate a motor vehicle with more than one passenger unless all passengers live in the same household as the custodial legal parent or legal guardian or a licensed driver at least twenty-one years of age is actually occupying a seat beside the intermediate Class D licensee.

²⁹Driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18. However, it is waived for applicants who certify an additional 50 hours of supervised driving.

³⁰Driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18.

³¹The minimum license age is 18 for applicants who have not completed driver education.

³²Regardless of age, license applicants must have completed driver education.

³³Passenger restrictions in Utah end when a driver has been licensed for 6 months or when the driver turns 18, whichever occurs first.

³⁴Driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18 in Vermont.

³⁵Driver education is required for license applicants younger than 19 (18 if applicant holds a valid license from another state). Initial license applicants 19 and older must either complete driver education or hold a learner's permit at least 30 days.

³⁶The night driving restriction and passenger restriction (no more than 1 passenger younger than 18) apply to learner's permit holders.

³⁷Driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

³⁸All applicants for an unrestricted license who are younger than 17 must have completed driver education and must have held an intermediate license for at least 6 months.