¹In Alabama, restrictions end after holding the intermediate license for at least 6 months and reaching age 17.

²In Arkansas, applicants for an intermediate license must be 16 and must be crash/violation free for 6 months. Licensees younger than 18 are prohibited from from transporting passengers who are unrestrained.

³In California, students enrolled in driver education may drive while supervised by an instructor. License applicants who do not take driver education must wait until age 18 for a license. They are not required to go through an intermediate license stage.

⁴In Connecticut, either driver education or home training is required for license applicants younger than 18. Permit holders may not carry any passengers aside from the person providing instruction, parents, or guardians. Time spent practice driving with a professional instructor counts toward the 40-hour certification requirement. Before an applicant who is less than eighteen years of age may take the driver’s test, parents or guardians must attend two hours of instruction regarding teen driving laws and related issues with such applicant.

⁵In Delaware, a driver education student does not need a permit to drive with a driver education instructor. After completing the on-road requirements of driver education, a driver education student who is at least age 15 years, 10 months may apply for a Driver Education Learner's Permit, which allows the student to drive while supervised by an experienced driver. Upon completion of driver education, and if the student passes both the road and written tests, the student receives a Level 1 permit that for the first 6 months allows driving only while supervised. There also is a passenger restriction during the first 6 months of the Level 1 permit. No more than 1 passenger (family members excepted) is permitted in addition to the supervising driver. The Level 1 permit for the second 6 months is the equivalent of an intermediate license. During that period, holders may drive unsupervised between 6 am and 10 pm and may only carry 1 passenger. Applicants for a driver's license who are younger than 18 must have held a Driver Education Learner's Permit and/or a Level 1 permit for at least 12 months. Driver education is required for all license applicants younger than 18.

⁶In the District of Columbia, license applicants younger than 21 must go through the intermediate stage until they have completed it or until age 21.

⁷In Georgia, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education.

⁸In Hawaii, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

⁹In Idaho, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education. There are 3 classes of learner's permits–a training instruction permit for persons 14, 6 months taking driver education; a supervised instruction permit for practice driving with a nonprofessional supervisor; and an instruction permit for persons younger than 17 who have completed driver education and supervised driving or for persons 17 and older without either driver education or supervised driving.

¹⁰In Illinois, license applicants 18 and older are not required to have driver education or to go through an intermediate license stage.

¹¹In Indiana, driver education determines the minimum age for permits and the intermediate license. People enrolled in or who have completed driver education must be age 15 to have a permit; otherwise, they must be age 16. The minimum age for an intermediate license is 16, 6 months with driver education; age 16, 9 months, without.

¹²In Iowa, driver education is required for an intermediate license and for an unrestricted license if applicant is younger than 18.

¹³In addition to the certification in the learner stage, Iowa requires a certification of 10 hours of supervised driving, 2 of which must be at night during the intermediate stage.

¹⁴In Iowa, restrictions end after holding an intermediate license for at least 1 year and reaching age 17.

¹⁵In Kansas, drivers age 15 but not yet 16 may be granted a restricted license if they have completed driver training. Restricted license holders younger than 16 may not drive unless supervised other than to and from school or work via the most direct route and may not carry minor passengers other than siblings. To get a restricted license, applicants must have driven at least 25 of the 50 hours required for a full license and must have held an instruction permit for 12 months.

¹⁶In Kentucky, license holders younger than 18 must complete a driver education course or a state-sponsored traffic school.

¹⁷In Louisiana, driver education is required for a permit and an intermediate license if the applicant is younger than 17. People 17 and older must have completed an educational program that does not require a behind-the-wheel component.

¹⁸In Maine, driver education is required for a permit and a license if the applicant is younger than 18. The learner's permit holding period and the certification of practice driving applies to license applicants younger than 21.

¹⁹In Maryland, the nighttime driving restriction only applies to intermediate license holders younger than 18.

²⁰In Massachusetts driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18.

²¹In Michigan, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed the second segment of driver education. Neither driver education nor an intermediate license is required for license applicants 18 and older.

²²In Minnesota, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education. Provisional license holders must be crash free to qualify for a full license.

²³In Mississippi, license applicants 17 and older are exempt from the requirement to get an intermediate license.

²⁴In Montana, license applicants younger than 16 must have completed driver education.

²⁵In Nevada, driver education is required of all licensed applicants younger than 18 unless there is no driver education program offered within a 30-mile radius of the applicant's residence.

²⁶In New Jersey, the permit becomes an intermediate license after 6 months. The graduated licensing law applies to adults, except that the night driving and passenger restrictions are waived for new drivers 21 and older. If the applicant has not completed driver education, the minimum permit age is 17 and the minimum intermediate license age is 17, 6 months. Learner's permit holders may not drive between 11 pm and 5 am and may carry only 1 passenger in addition to the supervising driver or any parent, guardian or dependant.

²⁷In New Mexico, license applicants younger than 18 must have completed driver education.

²⁸In New York, the minimum age for an unrestricted driver's license is 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education). The exception is New York City where driving is prohibited unless the driver is 18 or older. Effective, September 1, 2003, New York enacted a passenger restriction that applies to permit holders and license holders younger than 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education).

²⁹In North Carolina, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

³⁰In North Carolina, a person who is at least 16 years old but less than 18 years old must complete a minimum of twelve additional hours (six of which must be at night) of supervised driving to obtain a full provisional license.

³¹In Ohio, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18.

³²In Oklahoma, a person who has been issued an intermediate Class D license shall not operate a motor vehicle with more than one passenger unless all passengers live in the same household as the custodial legal parent or legal guardian or a licensed driver at least twenty-one years of age is actually occupying a seat beside the intermediate Class D licensee.

³³In Oregon, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18. However, it is waived for applicants who certify an additional 50 hours of supervised driving.

³⁴In Rhode Island, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18.

³⁵In Texas, the minimum license age is 18 for applicants who have not completed driver education.

³⁶In Utah, regardless of age, license applicants must have completed driver education.

³⁷In Utah, passenger restrictions end when a driver has been licensed for 6 months or when the driver turns 18, whichever occurs first.

³⁸In Vermont, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

³⁹In Virginia, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 19 (18 if applicant holds a valid license from another state). Virginia is introducing a 90-minute segment for parents of driver education students in Northern Virginia and nearby counties.

⁴⁰In Virginia, the night driving restriction and passenger restriction (no more than 1 passenger younger than 18) apply to learner's permit holders.

⁴¹In Washington, driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

⁴²In Washington, intermediate license holders with a crash or violation history are ineligible for an unrestricted license until age 18.

⁴³In Wisconsin driver education is required for license applicants younger than 18.

⁴⁴In Wyoming, all applicants for an unrestricted license who are younger than 17 must have completed driver education and must have held an intermediate license for at least 6 months.